Creation of the Spanish Institute of Entomology

During the first decades of the twentieth century entomology in Spain reached an extraordinary development, largely due to renowned entomologists such as Ignacio Bolívar Urrutia, Ricardo García Mercet, Longinos Navás and Manuel Martínez de la Escalera, among others, as well as some institutions, especially the Entomology Section of the National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN) (BARREIRO, 1992). The Spanish Civil War, which lasted since July 1936 to April 1939, was responsible for the exile of many leading scientists and the paralysis of scientific institutions. Nearly two years after the end of the war, by decree of 10th February 1941 (Boletín Oficial del Estado, 22-III-1941) the Spanish Institute of Entomology (IEE) (Figures 1 and 2) was created under the responsibility of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC); its functions were identified as the collection, preservation and identification of the entomological fauna, especially that of Spain, and other wildlife research for “the benefit of the nation”. The decree also stated that the collections, library and all other material in the Entomology Section of the National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN) should be integrated into the new Institute and that the staff of the Entomology Section of the Museum should lend their services to the Institute (GOMIS, 2014).

Gonzalo Ceballos (1895-1967) (Figure 3), a specialist in Hymenoptera (AGENJO, 1967) was appointed Director of the Institute, and Eduardo Zarco (1908-1957), a specialist in Coleoptera (CEBALLOS, 1958), became Secretary. Ceballos was only concerned with higher organizational matters, leaving Zarco as the person effectively responsible for the day-to-day organization and administration of the Institute for sixteen years (COMPTE-SART, 2009: 72-73).

Following the civil war, Spain suffered isolation as a result of widespread international condemnation of General Franco’s regime, and this hindered the establishment of international relations for the newly created Spanish Institute of Entomology, relations described in detail below.

Publications

In the years before the civil war there was a constant presence of articles by foreign authors in the journal Eos¹, the flagship publication of the Department of Entomology of the Museum; of the 99 papers published in volumes VI to XII of the journal between 1930 and 1936, 46 were written by foreign authors. In addition, the journal published in each volume a list of collaborators or editorial board where many foreign entomologists also appeared.

Volume XIII of Eoswas dated 1937, but not published until 1940. In the editor’s letter, dated March 26, 1940, signed by José María Dusmet, as new Director of Eos, Gonzalo Ceballos (Chief Editor) and Eduardo Zarco (Secretary), after referring to the difficulties that had prevented the publication so far of the volumes corresponding to 1937, 1938 and 1939, an appeal to the prestige of the journal in its ten year, history to maintain the exchange and subscriptions, “prestige that we seek to maintain at the same level” (Eos, XIII (1937 [1940]), sn). This aspiration was consistent with the first report published by the CSIC, covering the years 1940-1941, which recorded that they had received numerous letters from various scientific centres in Europe and America in which the esteem that was held for the journal Eos abroad was manifested while, at the same time interest outside Spain was shown for the creation of the Institute of Entomology (CSIC, 1942: 215).

In the pages of Eos work from foreign authors continues to appear: in Volume XIII, one (S. J. Paramonov) out of three, in Volume XIV, two (Andre Semenov-Tian-Shanskij and N. N. Plavilstshikov) out of four; in Volume XV, one out of (H. Friese) two. On the other hand, in the list of collaborators above mentioned foreign authors still appeared but two of them were removed: the aforementioned N. Plavilstshikov (Moscow) and Th. Pleske (Leningrad). The reason given stated that they worked in Soviet institutions.

When the volumes returned to a normal number of publications, and now under the management of the Institute, the number of articles from foreign authors remains significant, although they provide a somewhat lower percentage than in the previous period. Karl Jordan (Tring, Herts., England), Klaus Günter (Dresden), C. Koch (Munich), Charles Rungs (Rabat) and Boris P. Uvarov (London) are among the most prolific foreign contributors to Eos in the 1940. A. Cros, Erich Martin Hering, Wilhelm Goetsch and Chester Bradley, among others also published papers in the journal. Interestingly, Dr. K. Jordan, maintained correspondences with Ignacio and Cándido Bolívar, both of the Department of Entomology of the National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN) in Madrid, and although the work that he sent to the Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Entomology was not published, continued interacting with the IEE, and published in Eos. A similar situation occurs with Dr. W. Goetsch.

Less frequent were publications by foreign authors in Graellsia, Journal of Spanish entomologists first published in 1943 that initially was “Reserved basically for those lovers of Entomology lacking both bibliographic media and contacts that allow them to give publicity to their studies and observations.” Soon the journal adapted to existing reality, publishing works on insects and arthropods and counting among its collaborators, professional scientists (SANCHIZ & MARTÍN, 1997: 184; MARTÍN-ALBALADEJO et al., 2014). Of the 405 articles that the magazine published between 1943 and 1967 only twenty were by foreign authors, with the first being published in volume 6, devoted entirely to “The Andalusian fauna of Lepidoptera” (RIBBE, 1948). Its author, the German entomologist Carl Ribbe (1860-1934) had explored large regions in the Pacific and Andalusia (Spain).

Among foreign authors who published in Graellsia, we find some of those already mentioned, such as the Russian-British orthopterologist Boris P. Uvarov (1889-1970), who was then developing his research activity in the Anti-Locust Research Centre, London. This collaboration, which focused on “The desert locust and its environment” (UVAROV, 1956), was an excerpt from the lecture he gave at the Institute in January 1955, an extract written by Zarco. But more often than not we find new names, such as Kenneth M. Smith, who studied disease-producing viruses in insects (SMITH, 1954), or J. R. Winkler, who gave the description of a new subspecies of clerid from Spain (WINKLER, 1959).

A third series also managed from the Institute, were the monographs published under the title Trabajos del Instituto Español de Entomología, a series that continued the work of the National Museum of Natural Sciences in the previous period. Between 1941 and 1969 they published 15 works, only one of which by a foreign author. This was Max Beier, an Austrian entomologist who presented the review of a group of Orthoptera (the pseudofilinids) (BEIER, 1954).

Visits by foreign Professors / Researchers

During the first years of the Institute, and usually included in correspondences exchanged with the Secretary General or Deputy Secretary General of the CSIC, there are matters that have to do with the approval of the journey of a member of the Institute abroad or, conversely, of a foreign entomologist at the Institute. Thus, the decision to invite Georg Frey (1902-1976), coleopterist from Munich in 1943 (Archivo del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (AMNCN) Signature: ACN0736 / 006, entry 77) or Dr. Karl Jordan (1861-1959), director of the Lionel Walter Rothschild Museum in Tring (England) in 1946 (AMNCN Signature: ACN0736 / 006, entries 213 and 223) are reported in the proceedings. On other occasions it is reported that procedures are underway to invite a foreign professor to give a lecture, such as Professor Erich Martini (1880-1960), of Hamburg, in a letter dated 15 October, 1941 (AMNCN Signature: ACN0736 / 006, entry 32).

In order to prepare new researchers and arouse interest in entomological studies, the Institute organized from 1942 a series of conferences and workshops related to questions of special interest. Together with their Spanish colleagues, foreign professors participated. Thus, on the 11 and 12 March of that year, Professor Wilhelm Goetsch (1887-1960), director of the Zoological Museum and Dean of the Faculty of Breslau (Germany²), gave two lectures in Madrid; the first with the title “Expeditions for studying social insects” and the second on “How to understand ants and bees” (CSIC, 1943: 66 and 218). The first was mentioned the next day in the newspaper ABC which reflected how the speaker taught in Spanish and the presentation was accompanied by film projections (ABC, 12-03-1942: 11). Being a specialist in the field of social insects, Professor Goetsch was the author of a book on the social life of ants published in 1937 that included at Spanish translation from 1957 (GOETSCH, 1957).

From the early 1950s, the visits of foreign researchers to the IEE increased significantly. Professor Wilhelm Goetsch returned and since 1947 was a member of the faculty of the Austrian University of Graz. During the years 1952-1954 the Centre was visited by Professor Kenneth M. Smith of the Molteno Institute of Cambridge (England), Professor Dr. Jacques de Beaumont, and Dr. Jacques Aubert of the Museum Zoologique of Lausanne (Switzerland); Dr. Lionel Higgins, Woking (England); Dr. J. Klimesch, Linz (Austria); Dr. J. Straatmann, Indonesia (Netherlands); Professor Cyril Dos Passos, Head of the Entomology Museum in Washington (United States); Dr. J. Colas, of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (France) and Mr. Herbert Noack, Hamburg (Germany) (CSIC, 1958: 377).

On 9 July, 1964 the Secretary of the Division of Mathematics, Medical Science and Nature of CSIC expressed an interest in the cooperation of foreign researchers with the Centre. Thanks to the agreement signed by the Director of the Institute three days later, we know of foreign researchers who worked at the Institute in the period 1961-1963 in great detail, as well as those who visited the centre and those who published in the journals in those same years (AMNCN Signature: ACN0736 / 005, exit 1056). As the list is quite extensive, we summarise these collaborations here.

The total number of foreign researchers who worked in the IEE between 1961 and 1963 was 24, including seven in 1961, six in 1962 and nine (including two women) in 1963. Dr. Stan K. Gangwere, University of Detroit, Michigan (USA), a Fulbright scholar, worked for a period of eight months in 1961. He investigated problems related to Orthoptera feeding, as well as structural modifications originated by them and later travelled to the Experimental Station “El Ventorrillo³” (Sierra de Guadarrama) to conduct insect trapping and studies on the biology, especially feeding of this insect group. In some cases, the same researcher came back over several years. Dr. Paul De Bach (1913-1992), Head of the Department of Biological Control of the University of California visited the centre three times, until 1963, studying the rich collection of microhymenopterans of Ricardo García-Mercet (1860-1933).

Meanwhile, the number of foreign researchers who visited the centre more occasionally, in these three years was 30 and the number of publications by foreign researchers in the Centre publications was 39 (fifteen in 1961, eleven in 1962 and thirteen in 1963).

Attendance at international meetings

The Director and the Secretary of the Institute, from the outset, frequently represented the IEE at international meetings. This is shown in the Annual Report for 1948, acting as delegates of the Spanish National Research Council, they attended the meeting of the VIII International Congress of Entomology held in Stockholm, where the Institute was specially invited by the organizing committee. The newspaper ABC highlighted the Congress, held between 9 and 14 August, and emphasized the presentation of the research on applied entomology, mainly forest entomology (ABC, 10-08-1948: 13). This Congress, as the report mentions, is the meeting place for the first time after the Second World War of the most prominent researchers in entomology from around the world. Issues of great interest for closer collaboration were discussed and the first scientific foundation was laid down for the organization of a global biological control network within UNESCO, a commission which will be discussed later.

Three years later, in 1951, Ceballos and Zarco return to attend the celebration of the IX International Congress of Entomology held in Amsterdam from the 14 to 17 of August, although this time they are joined by two other members of the Institute, Ramón Agenjo and Francisco Español Coll⁴ as well as Salvador V. Peris from Aula Dei Zaragoza (CSIC, 1952: 250-251). The first two presented a paper on the rapid development of a population of Liparis monacha(Linnaeus, 1758) damaging forest masses of Pinus silvestris in central Spain during the years 1950-1951 and how it was controlled (CEBALLOS & ZARCO, 1952). Agenjo, for his part described a new species of Betic-Moroccan Agdistis Hübner, [1825] (AGENJO, 1952), while Francisco Español Coll presented a note on the group Crypticus Latreille, 1817 (ESPAÑOL, 1952).

The X International Congress of Entomology took place in Montreal, Canada from the 17 to 25 of September 1956. From the Spanish Institute of Entomology different requests for assistance were made various authorities (President of CSIC, General Director of Cultural Relations, Minister of Foreign Affairs, National Education, Director of the “Instituto de Cultura Hispánica” and the Chairman of the Board of “Santiago Ramón y Cajal” Institute) so that one or two people could attend the event, (AMNCN Signature: ACN0736 / 005, outputs 584, 586, 588, 589 and 591), but the requests were denied in all cases (AMNCN Signature: ACN0736 / 006, exit 589), and members of the institute were unable to attend the Congress in Canada.

It was not until the following, XI Congress, held in Vienna in 1960, that we find a Spanish representation only after the Director of the Institute, Professor Ceballos, sent a letter in June to the Secretary, Division of Mathematical Sciences, Medical and Nature saying that he could not attend the Congress (AMNCN Signature: ACN0736 / 006, exit 866), which led him to delegate the representation of the Institute to the Secretary of the Centre, a position held by Eugenio Morales Agacino³ (AMNCN Signature: ACN0736 / 006, exit 867). The return trip to the Austrian capital was made in the company of the forest engineer Pedro Ceballos Jiménez (MORALES-AGACINO, 2001: 207). Ramón Agenjo Cecilia specialist in Lepidoptera and Francisco Español Coll specialist in Coleoptera, also attended the XI International Congress.

The international commission of biological control and the IEE

In addition to participation in International Entomology congresses, members of the Institute participated in other commissions such as the aforementioned “Commision Internationale de Lutte Biologique” (CILB). In the Assembly of the Eighth International Congress of Entomology (1948), Spain was asked to participate in this Commission (CSIC, 1950: 164) and in 1950, for the first meeting, the International Union of Biological Sciences appointed Gonzalo Ceballos as a member of this Commission. The following year the second preparatory meeting of this Commission was held in Madrid, with Gonzalo Ceballos and Eduardo Zarco, acting as president and secretary of the Spanish Committee, respectively. Also Juan Gómez Menor, specialist in Hemiptera, formed part of this group (CSIC, 1950; BOLLER, 2005). Sessions and conferences were held in the auditorium of the Institute.

None of the entomologists from the Institute were able to attend the third meeting although they did send various communications. The fourth Conference of the Executive Committee of the International Commission for Biological Control in Darmstadt (15-17 February, 1956) was attended by Eduardo Zarco, who presented at the end an appropriate report (AMNCN Signature: ACN0736 / 005, entries 580 and 584).

At the initiative of Gonzalo Ceballos, and thanks to the organizational work of Eugenio Morales and strong support from José Andrés Torrent, Head of Forest Pests, the meeting of the International Commission for Biological Control was held in Madrid from 7 to 8 of September 1957 (Figure 4). The sessions took place in the Spanish Institute of Entomology and the Institute of Forestry Research (MORALES-AGACINO, 2001: 201-202). The meeting was attended by the following foreign representatives of this Commission: Professor Dr. Alfred S. Balachowsky, Chef de service at the Institut Pasteur in Paris (France); Professor Paul Vayssière, the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris (France); Dr. Biliotti, the Laboratoire de Lutte Biologique de La Minière (Versailles, France); Pierre Grison, Secretary General of the Commission Internationale de Lutte Biologique (CILB) La Miniere (Versailles, France); Dr. R. Joly, de la Station des Recherches Forestières of Nancy (France); Professor A. Goidnich, Director of the Institute di Agricultural Entomology della Università degli Studi of Turin (Italy); M. P. Frezal, Director of the Service de la Defense des Végétaux, Algiers (Algeria) and M. Le Gall, the Station Cotonnière du Tadla, Beni Mellal (Morocco) (CSIC, 1959: 347). In the Conference Hall of the Institute the following presentations were given: E. Biliotti: “Parasites et maladies of Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff”; P. Grison, “La lutte contre Thaumetopoea pityocampa par voie microbiologique” and R. Agenjo: “The classification of Spanish Lymantriidae and especially those of forest interest: New contributions on their morphology, bionomics and dispersion in the Peninsula.”

Eugenio Morales, replacing Zarco⁵ in the Commission, attended several of these meetings, such as those that took place in February 1958 in Paris and the following year in Lisbon (Portugal). In May 1960 he attended the meeting in the Pavia and Campigna (Italy) in order to discuss the behaviour of the ant Formica rufa Linnaeus, [1760] in forest ecosystems, population and nest structure as well as movement to other locations, to adapt and contribute effectively to their defence (MORALES-AGACINO, 2001: 207) and later that year in October, in Bonn (Germany), he agreed to edit in Spain special issues of its international journal Entomophaga (CSIC, 1963: 113). Graphic evidence of this widespread activity is preserved in the Photographic Archives that were deposited by the sons of Eugenio Morales Agacino at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (VIEJO et al., 2014). In 1962 it was Morales who also attended the First General Assembly of the Comission Internationale de Lutte Biologique in Tunisia (AMNCN Signature: ACN0458).

IEE Entomologists in foreign centres

Trips abroad to attend scientific meetings served additionally, in most cases, to learn about the collections and centres where foreign colleagues worked and to strengthen ties with colleagues working on similar subject. So, Eugenio Morales Agacino during the visit in February 1952 meets Boris P. Uvarov, whom he had met in Madrid in 1935 during the VI International Congress of Entomology, and together visited the Russian-British Entomological Anti-Locust Research Centre facilities of which he was a director. Morales shares with other Spanish Entomologists the characteristics of this centre, founded in 1945 to improve the prediction and control of locusts worldwide, through the journal Graellsia (MORALES-AGACINO, 1952). Longer stays outside Spain were more effective, such as those conducted by this same entomologist, who in the fifties worked in Central America (Nicaragua) on behalf of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in the organization of locust control in those countries (CSIC, 1958 (I): 377).

There were also targeted visits abroad, such as those carried out by the researcher Luis Báguena Corella, who in the early fifties, visited to London, Paris and Lisbon with the objective of visiting the Natural History Museums in these cities and study their entomological collections, especially, those of Coleoptera, to which he devoted his studies (CSIC, 1958 (I): 377).

Among the members of the Institute who benefited from a scholarship abroad in those years we want to emphasize Ramón Agenjo Cecilia, sponsored by the Ministry of Education, who studied at the Museum of Natural History in Paris from 15 October to 15 November 1957. A trained lawyer, Agenjo had joined the IEE from the moment of its creation and came to direct it after the death of Ceballos. Among the international recognition that the lepidopterist received was membership of the Academy of Agriculture of Turin (1970) and the Entomological Society Fennica, Finland (1973) (BULLÓN-RAMÍREZ, 1978).

During these same years Manuel García de Viedma Hitos studied at the Department of Zoology, of Glasgow University to carry out research on the systematics of weevil larvae (Coleoptera), under the direction of Professor of Taxonomy Roy A. Crowson.

The death of Gonzalo Ceballos and the end of an era

On the 4th of March 1967, Professor Gonzalo Ceballos, Director of the Spanish Institute of Entomology passed away in Madrid. With the death of Ceballos, ends a period in which research at the Institute with over twenty-six years of scientific trajectory was marked by applied entomology (MARTÍN-ALBALADEJO et al., 2016). As recalled by Manuel García Viedma in the obituary he wrote of his mentor, the institution, still young, acquired worldwide prestige and became a necessary place to study at for all foreign researchers interested in the Western Palaearctic and Mediterranean entomological fauna (MGV, 1968: 180), prestige that undoubtedly, owed much, to earlier efforts to restore relations with major entomological research centres, and their researchers worldwide.

After the death of Gonzalo Ceballos, the lepidopterist Ramón Agenjo takes over the direction of the IEE, from 1967 to 1978. After his retirement this position is occupied by Salvador V. Peris- Torres, a specialist in Diptera. This third and final stage lasts for only seven years. In December 1984, the Governing Board agreed to a restructuring of the CSIC (Central Archive CSIC. Proceedings of the Governing Board of 2 December 1984) and the IEE, with a life of forty-four years, is no longer an independent centre but becomes part of the MNCN, as the Department of Entomology.

Conclusions

Given the difficulties that Spain went through in the years that we are considering here and given that the staff needed more time to reach the same level of recognition as that achieved by the Entomology Section of the Museum before the civil war, we can conclude that international contacts of the Institute had been mostly restored by the late fifties, early sixties. The flow of foreign entomologists who came to work at the Institute, and of Spanish entomologists leaving for foreign Centres, was important. In this sense, it is interesting to note that at least nine of the twenty foreign authors cited, had maintained relations with the Section of Entomology MNCN, a fact that did not stop scientific contact with the IEE once the Section disappeared. Recognition for the work carried out by the Institute was not lacking, the first from the Entomological Society of Helsinki, which honoured the Institute with the appointment of Honorary Member of the same in 1943. That same year, the University of Breslau awarded an honorary doctorate to Professor Gonzalo Ceballos, Director of the Institute (CSIC, 1944: 237-238).

In the following years, as we have seen, recognition of the IEE came in the form of invitations, as that made by the Organizing Committee of the VIII International Congress of Entomology (Stockholm, 1948) so that members of the Institute could assist as delegates in the Congress, or participate, in the work of the International Commission for Biological Control.

The Institute also contributed to the recovery of international relations by holding entomological meetings of the highest level in Madrid including the Meeting of the International Commission for Biological Control held in the capital of Spain from 7 to 8 September 1957 which was attended by a list of qualified entomologists, among which were Alfred S. Balachowsky, Paul Vayssière and Pierre Grison.

Figures 1-4
1. Entrance of the Spanish Institute of Entomology (Archive of the MNCN, signature: ACN003/003/08109); 2. General view of the Natural History Museum where the Institute is situated. (Archive of the MNCN, signature: ACN003/003/08110); 3. Gonzalo Ceballos, first director of the Spanish Institute of Entomology in 1954; 4. Meeting of the Commission Internationale de Lutte Biologique (CILB) in the assembly hall of the Spanish Institute of Entomology in 1957. Pictured are E. Morales Agacino, A. Goidnich and J. del Cañizo. (Photographic Archive Eugenio Morales Agacino 0276. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid).

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank María Cruz Osuna for her excellent documentary work and the staff of the MNCN Archives for their support and good work. We also thank Lee Robertson and Javier Conde for translating the text into English. This work is part of the research project entitled “The Spanish Institute of Entomology, CSIC (1941-1985): a stage in the history of science of the Ministry of Science and Innovation (ref. HAR2011-28621.)”. Finally, we dedicate this paper to the memory of Dr. Isabel Izquierdo Moya, our partner in the project and former fellow of IEE, to mark our sorrow at her recent death.

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Notes