Introduction

The eastern orange-tip, Anthocharis damone Boisduval, 1836, is known as a local butterfly in the European part of its range, found only in southern Italy and southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula. In Asia the distribution extends further over the Middle East to south Transcaucasia, Iran and Iraq (TOLMAN & LEWINGTON, 2008; TSHIKOLOVETS, 2011).

Habitats of this species in Europe are open grasslands or scrub places on steep, rocky, south-facing slopes and usually on limestone. Its range is linked to the presence of the larval host plant from the genus Isatis, primarily Isatis tinctoria L., as caterpillars feed on their flowers and seeds (VAN SWAAY et al., 2010b). Since it is considered a Mediterranean species, found at the very southern tip of the Balkans and limited to the places with a warm climate, the presence of A. damone was not expected in Serbia. Against all odds, it was discovered in south-western part of the country and here we described and illustrated the first observations and attempted to summarise the knowledge on its distribution in Europe. In addition we presented some thoughts about the origins of the butterfly host plant in the south of Europe and commented on the butterfly threat status in Serbia.

The discovery of Athocharis damone in Serbia

Anthocharis damone was initially discovered in Serbia by E. D. who collected 5 11, 2 00 on 22-V- 2015 and provided photos from his collection to Serbian butterflies interest groups. Butterflies were at first identified as A. gruneri Herrich-Schäffer, 1851, a taxon recently recorded for Serbia (POPOVIC & MILENKOVIC, 2012), although their size and colouration were noticeably different. The same locality was revisited on 30-V-2015, photographing live specimens that were shortly and undoubtedly recognized as A. damone (Fig. 1). On this occasion some 40 specimens were seen in just a short time period.

After the initial discovery of Anthocharis damone, we organised a short joint expedition in order to confirm the presence of this species in Serbia, take photographs of the butterfly and inspect its habitat. In three days we visited several localities surrounding Sjenica, with special attention to open, rocky habitats favoured by A. damone elsewhere in Europe. Despite great effort, the species was only recorded on the already known locality close to the village of Trijebine, in the foothills of Giljeva Mt. (Table 1). Although the search for the butterfly on this occasion was more intensive, we only saw some 15 males and five females, which might indicate its flight period was almost over. Male butterflies were usually seen in a brisk flight close to the ground or flying over the steep rocky slopes. Some individuals were found feeding on the flowers and a single female was observed ovipositing on I. tinctoria. After close inspection of the host plant flower buds, a single caterpillar was also recorded (Fig. 2).

The suitable habitat for Anthocharis damone in Serbia is found over the rocky terrain along a rarely used macadam road (Fig. 3). Geological strata are made of serpentinite, which is usually covered with sparse vegetation and sometimes hosts a different butterfly species in comparison to the nearby areas (eg. GASCOIGNE-PEES et al., 2014; VEROVNIK et al., 2014). All the butterflies were recorded on approximately 2 km long stretch of the macadam road, at an altitude of 1200-1300 m. Higher parts were not surveyed, while the species was not observed below 1200 m of altitude, although the habitat remained visually similar. Larval foodplant was relatively abundant near the road and on the steep road margins. Slopes above the road were covered in planted trees of Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold, and a few males were seen flying into those woods. As the wider area consists of similar geological strata we suppose that suitable habitats could be found in the vicinity and further surveys should be made to get a more precise picture of the butterfly’s distribution. Additional new records can be expected from Trijebine village all the way westwards to the Lim River. In general, the habitat in Serbia is similar to those in the rest of the Balkans, characterised by sparse grasses and bushes on a rocky terrain from sea level up to 1300 m of altitude (MICEVSKI et al., 2015; TSHIKOLOVETS, 2011; VAN SWAAY et al., 2010b).

Distribution of Anthocharis damone

Antocharis damone is known to form three subspecies: A. damone damone Boisduval, 1836 in Sicily and southern Italy, A. damone eunomia (Freyer, [1851]) in the Balkans, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation and A. damone syra (Verity, 1911) in Lebanon, Syria and Israel (TSHIKOLOVETS, 2011). It is interesting to note that the butterfly hostplant, Isatis tinctoria, is famous for its practical use as a natural dye dating since the prehistoric period and was introduced into many parts of the European continent (GUARINO et al., 2000; SPATARO et al., 2007; ZECH-MATTERNE & LECONTE, 2010). The centre of distribution of the host plant is in Asia, and its distribution in the Balkans is considered autochthonous (YORDANOV, 1970). However, the autochtonous origin of the plant is questionable for some other parts of Europe including southern Italy (GUARINO et al., 2000). A distinctive subspecies of the butterfly (if perceived correctly) suggests both the butterfly and its host plant were present here and evolved before I. tintoria was introduced for cultivation (see also: BOLLINO et al., 1996).

In order to summarise butterfly distribution in the Balkans, we gathered literature records from the various sources and processed them in QGIS software 2.10 (www.qgis.org). We used geographic WGS 84 projection in order to be consistent with PAMPERIS (2009) where the majority of data came from (Fig. 4). With the exception of Italy and Greece (JUTZELER et al., 1998; PAMPERIS, 2009; TOLMAN & BERNHARD, 1994), the distribution of A. damone in Europe remained insufficiently studied. Although the butterfly is well known from the Republic of Macedonia, most published records come from old literature or from collections (JAKSIC, 1988; KRPAG et al., 2011; SCHAIDER & JAKSIC, 1989). On the contrary, for Albania the species has only recently been mentioned by TSHIKOLOVETS (2011) without detailed explanation, and was confirmed for this country only in 2014 (MICEVSKI et al., 2015). In the European part of Turkey, it is now considered extinct taxa (VAN SWAAY et al., 2010b). The unexpected discovery of A. damonein Serbia close to a national border suggests this species might also be present in the neighbouring Montenegro. Flying early in the season it is easily overlooked during butterfly surveys and might be more widespread in the Balkans. This specially refers to Albania, due to the lack of systematic faunistic surveys (VEROVNIK & POPOVIC, 2013).

Fig. 4
Distribution of Anthocharis damone in Europe given in WGS 84 projection. The observation points are given in resolution of 0.1 degree. Names of the countries are written as ISO2 codes.

Conservation of Anthochris damone in Serbia

It should be noted that the insect fauna of Sjenica was not studied in details and most data concerning butterflies come from just a few short surveys in 2007 and 2008 (JAKSIC, 2008). These surveys produced a total of 68 butterfly species recorded in the wider region of Sjenica, promoting Pester plateau to one of the Prime Butterfly Areas of Serbia. In our study around 130 species were recently found here (E. D., unpublished data; MILJEVIC & POPOVIC, 2014), making it one one of the richest regions in Serbia (JAKSIC, 2008; POPOVIC & D¯ URIC, 2014). The threats to this area do not seem to be acute and even high mountain pasturing is still well preserved in comparison to other regions of Serbia. This traditional grazing system sustain meadows and pastures required for survival of many butterfly species (SUTCLIFFE et al., 2014; VAN SWAAY et al., 2010a). The only threats that could be recognised are possible habitat overgrowth by coniferous trees, human activities along the road and uncontrolled fires, traces of which were observed in the field.

Anthocharis damone is listed as least concern (LC) on both global and European level (VAN SWAAY et al., 2010b). With current knowledge on its distribution in Serbia, this species could be considered vulnerable (VU) on a national level applying the criteria D2 (AOO = 8 km2, single location) (IUCN, 2012; IUCN STANDARDS AND PETITIONS SUBCOMMITTEE, 2013).

However, we should note that the critically endangered (CR) category could also be assigned using criteria B if any sign of fluctuations or continuing decline were found.

Conclusions

The record of Anthocharis damone brings the list of Serbian butterflies to 200 species: Papilionidae 6, Pieridae 23, Hesperiidae 23, Riodinidae 1, Lycaenidae 55, Nymphalidae 92 and expands the distribution limits of this species some 170 km from the nearest populations close to Skopje in the Republic of Macedonia. In total, nine new butterfly species were recorded over the last ten years in Serbia (POPOVIC et al., 2014) proving that interesting records can still be expected in the region. The threat status in Serbia and distribution gaps on A. damone distribution in Europe urge detailed studies on this species in near future.

Figs. 1-3
The first photograph of Anthocharis damone in Serbia, 1 resting on the larval host plant, E. D., 30-V- 2015. 2. The life cycle of Anthocharis damone photographed in situ, M. M., 3-VI-2015. (a) 0 resting on the larval host plant, Isatis tinctoria, (b) 1 feeding on the larval host plant, (c) ovum, (d) caterpillar, (e) I. tinctoria growing on the road margins, (f) flowers of I. tinctoria plant. 3. Habitat of Anthocharis damone in Sjenica, Trijebine, M. P., 3-VI-2015.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOLLINO, M., VITALE, F. & SALA, G., 1996.– Note su Anthocaris damone Boisduval e A. euphenoidesStaudinger dell’Italia meridionale, con descrizione di una nuova sottospecie (Lepidoptera, Pieridae).– Lambillionea, 96: 31-36.

GASCOIGNE-PEES, M., VEROVNIK, R., FRANETA, F. & POPOVIC, M., 2014.– The lifecycle and ecology of Pseudochazara amymone (Brown, 1976) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae).– Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, 35(3): 129-138.

GUARINO, C., CASORIA, P. & MENALE, B., 2000.– Cultivation and use of Isatis tinctoria L.(Brassicaceae) in Southern Italy.– Economic botany, 54(3): 395-400.

IUCN, 2012.– Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0: 44 pp. IUCN, Gland.

IUCN STANDARDS AND PETITIONS SUBCOMMITTEE, 2013.– Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 10.1: 85 pp. Available from http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/ RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 21st December 2015).

JAKSIC, P., 1988.– Provisional distribution maps of the butterflies of Yugoslavia (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera): 214 pp. Jugoslavensko entomolosko drustvo, Zagreb.

JAKSIC, P. (Ed.), 2008.– Prime Butterfly Areas in Serbia: 223 pp. HabiProt, Belgrade.

JUTZELER, D., BOLLINO, M., RUSSO, L. & SALA, G., 1998.– Études sur Anthocharis damone (Boisduval, 1836) et Euchloe ausonia (Hübner, 1804) de l’Italie méridionale (Lepidoptera: Pieridae).– Linneana Belgica, 16: 227-235.

KRPAG, T. V., DARCEMONT, C., KRPAG, M. & LEMONNIER-DARCEMONT, M., 2011.– Fauna of butterflies ( Papilionoidea) in the National Park Galièica, Republic of Macedonia.– Nota lepidopterologica, 34(1): 49-78.

MICEVSKI, N., FRANETA, F., GASCOIGNE-PEES, M., MICEVSKI, B. & VEROVNIK, R., 2015.– Butterfly surveys in Albania during 2014 including the discovery of two new species for the country.– Ecologica Montenegrina, 3: 1-12.

MILJEVIC, M. & POPOVIC, M., 2014.– Alciphron - Database in insects of Serbia: Lepidoptera, Papi- lionoidea. Available from http://alciphron.habiprot.org.rs (accessed on 14th January 2015).

PAMPERIS, L. N., 2009.– The Butterflies of Greece: 768 pp. Editions Pamperis, Athens.

POPOVIC, M. & D¯ URIC, M., 2014.– Butterflies of Stara planina (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea): 208 pp. Public Enterprise Srbijasume, Belgrade.

POPOVIC, M. & MILENKOVIC, M., 2012.– First record of Anthocharis gruneri for Serbia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae).– Phegea, 40(1b): 37-38.

POPOVIC, M., RADEVSKI, D¯ ., MILJEVIC, M. & D¯ URIC, M., 2014.– First record of Pyrgus cinarae(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in Serbia.– Acta Entomologica Serbica, 19(1/2): 45-51.

SCHAIDER, P. & JAKSIC, P., 1989.– Die Tagfalter von Jugoslawisch Mazedonien Diurna (Rhopalocera und Hesperiidae): 82 pp. Selbstverlag Paul Schaider, München.

SPATARO, G., TAVIANI, P. & NEGRI, V., 2007.– Genetic Variation and Population Structure in a Eurasian Collection of Isatis tinctoria L.– Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54(3): 573-584.

SUTCLIFFE, L. M. E., BATÁRY, P., KORMANN, U., BÁLDI, A., DICKS, L. V., HERZON, I., KLEIJN, D., TRYJANOWSKI, P., APOSTOLOVA, I . , ARLETTAZ, R., AUNINS, A., AVIRON, S., BALEZENTIENË, L., FISCHER, C., HALADA, L., HARTEL, T., HELM, A., HRISTOV, I., JELASKA, S. D., KALIGARIG, M., KAMP, J., KLIMEK, S., KOORBERG, P., KOSTIUKOVÁ, J., KOVÁCS- HOSTYÁNSZKI, A., KUEMMERLE, T., LEUSCHNER, C., LINDBORG, R., LOOS, J., MACCHERINI, S., MARJA, R., MÁTHÉ, O., PAULINI, I., PROENÇA, V., REY-BENAYAS, J., SANS, F. X., SEIFERT, C., STALENGA, J., TIMAEUS, J., TÖRÖK, P., VAN SWAAY, C., VIIK, E. & TSCHARNTKE, T., 2014.– Harnessing the biodiversity value of Central and Eastern European farmland.– Diversityand Distributions, DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12288.

TOLMAN, T. & BERNHARD, T., 1994.– Significant extensions to the known range of Anthocharis damone Boisduval, 1836 in Greece (Lepidoptera: Pieridae).– Phegea, 22(4): 177-180.

TOLMAN, T. & LEWINGTON, R., 2008.– Collins butterfly guide: the most complete field guide to the butterflies of Britain and Europe: 384 pp. HaprerCollins Publishers, London.

TSHIKOLOVETS, V. V., 2011.– Butterflies of Europe & the Mediterranean area: 544 pp. Tshikolovets Publications, Pardubice.

VAN SWAAY, C., COLLINS, S., DUSEJ, G., MAES, D., MUNGUIRA, M. L., RAKOSY, L., RYRHOLM, N., SASIC, M., SETTELE, J., THOMAS, J., VEROVNIK, R., VERSTRAEL, T., WARREN, M., WIEMERS, M. & WYNHOFF, I., 2010a.– Do’s and don’ts for butterflies of the Habitat Directive: 49 pp. Butterfly Conservation Europe & De Vlinderstichting, Wageningen, Wageningen.

VAN SWAAY, C., WYNHOFF, I., VEROVNIK, R., WIEMERS, M., MUNGUIRA, M. L., MAES, D., SASIC, M., VERSTRAEL, T., WARREN, M. & SETTELE, J., 2010b.– Anthocharis damone. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available from http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/174339/1 (accessed on 3 October 2015).

VEROVNIK, R. & POPOVIC, M., 2013.– Annotated checklist of Albanian butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea).– ZooKeys, 323: 75-89.

VEROVNIK, R., POPOVIC, M., SASIC, M., CUVELIER, S. & MAES, D., 2014.– Wanted! Dead or alive: the tale of the Brown’s Grayling (Pseudochazara amymone).– Journal of Insect Conservation, 18(4): 675- 682.

YORDANOV, D. (Ed.), 1970.– Flora of Bulgaria, .: 749 pp. Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia.

ZECH-MATTERNE, V. & LECONTE, L., 2010.– New archaeobotanical finds of Isatis tinctoria L. (woad) from Iron Age Gaul and a discussion of the importance of woad in ancient time.– Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 19(2): 137-142.