Introduction

The Lepidoptera fauna of Mongolia is of considerable interest to zoologists. Entomologists from different countries (former Soviet Union, Hungary, Russia etc.) have been studying the insect fauna (including Lepidoptera) of Mongolia for many years. Some groups of Mongolian lepidopterans were studied relatively well, namely Papilionoidea (Tshikolovets et al. 2009; Yakovlev, 2012), Sphingidae (Derzhavets, 1977; Yakovlev et al. 2015), Zygaenidae (Efetov et al. 2012), Cossidae (Yakovlev, 2004, 2015), Notodontidae (Morozov et al. 2016; Schintlmeister, 2008) and Pterophoridae (Ustjuzhanin & Kovtunovich, 2008). Nevertheless, the knowledge about other taxonomic groups (e. g. Geometridae, Noctuidae, Alucitidae) remains insufficient. The recent publications illustrate this well (Knyazev et al. 2020; Ustjuzhanin et al. 2016).

Our research considers the west part of Mongolia, Mongolian Altai in particular, which is still poorly known. The Mongolian Altai is a mountain system in Mongolia and China which stretches approximately 1000 km from the northwest to the southeast. The mountain system of the Mongolian Altai reaches uplands of the Altai Republic (Russia) in the north, borders with deserts and semi-deserts of Dzhungaria and Gobi towards the south and west, and semi-deserts of the Great Lakes Depression in the northeastern area of the system. Mongolian Altai reaches an altitude of 4362 m (Mountain Munkh-Khajrkhan-Ula) and consists of several parallel ridges. Southwestern slopes receive more precipitation than northeastern ones, and they consist of richer forest-meadow landscapes (with spruce and larch prevailing in forests), changing into steppes in lowlands and alpine meadows. Steppes and semi-deserts dominate on northeastern slopes, while semi-deserts prevail between the mountains (Kamelin, 2005; Yakovlev et al. 2015).

The Mongolian Altai is a significant frontier in the distribution of insects: a number of studies have shown that insect fauna of the southwestern (Dzhungarian) slopes of Mongolian Altai differs markedly from those of the northeastern slopes. This conclusion is based on the distribution of Orthoptera (Sergeev, 1986), Coleoptera (Kryzhanovskij, 2002), Lepidoptera (Yakovlev, 2011, 2012, 2015). The main ridge of the Mongolian Altai divides the biota of the Altai Mountain region into two biological provinces: Altai-Dzhungarian (western) and Western Mongolian (eastern) (Yakovlev, 2012).

In June 2022 the authors of this article made a trip to the south of Mongolian Altai (Figure 1). The main goals of this expedition were to study the Lepidoptera fauna in south-western (Dzhungarian) macroslope of Mongolian Altai and Dzhungarian Gobi, the less studied and rather rich in biodiversity southern parts of Khovd and Gov’-Altai Aimags (Yakovlev, 2012; Yakovlev & Dubatolov 2013a, b).

The present paper is devoted to Geometridae recorded by us during this travel. Although Mongolia is one of the largest countries, little is known about its moth fauna, and there is no comprehensive review of species richness, diversity, and distribution patterns of geometrid moths in the country. A fairly complete historical review of the study of geometrid moths in Mongolia was given by Enkhtur and co-authors (2020). Only a few works deal with the geometrid moths of the Mongolian Altai (Vasilenko, 2004, 2006).

Here we provide the list of Geometridae recorded in 11 localities of W Mongolia (Table 1), including the species new for Mongolia.

Material and methods

MATERIAL SAMPLING

The moths were sampled with standard methods. Most geometrids were captured at night (usually since twilight coming to 4-5 am) using a Sylvania HSL-BW 250W E40 mercury vapor lamp powered from a FUBAG TI 1000 petrol generator, and a portable screen made of white cotton canvas. The small part of lepidopterans was caught at daytime by an entomological net. All collected Lepidoptera are deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Saint Petersburg, Russia).

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Genitalia preparations were made using a standard technique; maceration was performed with a 15% solution of potassium hydroxide. Glycerol was used for temporary preparations. The photos of temporary genitalia preparations were performed using a Nikon SMZ25 stereoscopic microscope, Nikon DS-Ri2 camera and NIS-Elements BR software.

DNA BARCODING AND DATA ANALYSIS

For some moths we obtained DNA barcodes to verify our identifications. For DNA extraction we used the dry specimens; one to three legs of each specimen were used. The legs were crushed before lysis, and the lysis reaction proceeded overnight. DNA extraction was carried out using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (QIAGEN, Germany), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. DNA elution was performed with 150 μL elution buffer. Amplification of a 658-bp-long COI fragment was performed using the primers HCO2198 (5’-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3’) (Folmer et al. 1994) and LCO1490 (5’-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3’) (Folmer et al. 1994). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) profile used for this marker was as follows: 95 ºC for 3 min, 95 ºC for 30 s, 50 ºC for 45 s, 72 ºC for 1 min (steps 2-4 cycled 34 times) and 72 ºC for 10 min. The samples were sequenced at Evrogen JSC (Moscow).

Obtained COI sequences were blasted against the complete sequence database of the Barcode of Life Data systems (BOLD) in order to infer the closest matches using the BOLD Identification Engine (http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/IDS_OpenIdEngine). Moreover, a cross-check control of external morphology was also performed. Genetic distances were calculated using the Kimura 2- parameter (K2P) distance model (Kimura, 1980), using the analytical tools provided by the BOLD Systems v4 platform (Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2007). Genetic distances are given in % minimum pairwise distance. All sequences obtained were uploaded to GenBank; their accession numbers are provided in the annotated checklist (in the parentheses next to the corresponding specimens).

Results and discussion

In the species list below, we provide the data on the findings of Geometridae made in 2022. All moths were collected by the first author. The taxonomic order follows the one presented in Beljaev & Mironov (2019). Literature references are given for each species with the corresponding combination. In the section “Material” the data on the location (see Table 1 for details), the number of collected moths and their sex are given. In the section “Distribution” the countries in which this species occur are listed. The following sources were used to characterize the distribution (Beljaev & Mironov, 2019; Beljaev, 2016; Gorbunov, 2011; Hausmann, 1993, 2001; Mironov & Galsworthy, 2014; Mironov & Ratzel, 2012; Mironov, 2013; Mironov, 2017; Rajaei et al. 2023; Vasilenko & Belousov, 2021; Vasilenko & Mironov, 2021; Vasilenko, 2006; Vasilenko, 2019; Viidalepp, 1975-1979, 1988, 1996).The species new for Mongolia are marked with asterisk. Some notes on distribution, results of DNAbarcoding and additional information are given in the separate section.

Annotated checklist of species

GEOMETRIDAE ENNOMINA.

Perconia strigillaria (Hübner, [1787])

Perconia strigillaria: Viidalepp, 1975, 488; 1979, 783; 1996, 78; Enkhtur et al. 2017, 672; 2020, 15

Perconai [sic!] strigillaria: Enkhtur et al. 2021b, 37.

Material: KB3 - 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, G-AT - 2 ♀♀, KB1 - 1 ♀.

Distribution: Europe, Balkans, Ireland, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Russia (European part to S. Yakutia), Mongolia.

Charissa difficilis (Alphéraky, 1883)

Gnophos difficilis: Staudinger, 1896, 275; Alberti, 1971, 374; Viidalepp, 1975, 485; 1979, 786

Dysgnophos difficilis: Vojnits, 1975, 194

Charissa difficilis: Enkhtur et al. 2020, 13; Knyazev et al. 2020, 19.

Material: KA - 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, KB4 - 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀, KB1 - 1♀, KB3 - 3 ♀♀, KB2 - 2 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, KU - 1♂, 2 ♀♀, KM1 - 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, G-AT - 2 ♂♂.

Distribution: Russia (Caucasus, S. Ural), Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, N. W. China.

Charissa turfosaria (Wehrli, 1922)

?Gnophos exilisWehrli, 1922, 15: Viidalepp, 1975, 486; 1979, 786; 1996, 82

?Gnophos benepunctaria, nec Wehrli, 1922, 16: Viidalepp, 1975, 486

?Gnophos glaciataWehrli, 1922, 14: Viidalepp, 1975, 485

?Gnophos glaciatus: Viidalepp, 1979, 786

?Dysgnophos benepunctarius (Wehrli, 1922): Vojnits, 1975, 193; 1977, 174

?Dysgnophos glaciatus: Vojnits, 1975, 194; Viidalepp, 1996, 82

Gnophos turfosaria: Smiles, 1979: 117

?Dysgnophos subsplendidaria: Smiles, 1979, 118; Enkhtur et al. 2021b, 370

?Charissa subsplendidaria (Wehrli, 1922): Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Charissa turfosaria: Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KM1 - 1 ♂; KM2 - 1 ♂; G-AT - 1 ♂; KB3 - 1 ♀.

Distribution: Russia (N. and central Ural, Altai, mountains of S. Siberia, E. and S. Yakutia, northern part, and mountains of the Far East), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada.

Synopsia strictaria Lederer, 1853

Synopsia strictaria: Staudinger, 1892, 366; 1896, 273; Staudinger & Rebel, 1901, 339; Vojnits, 1975, 189; 1977, 173; Viidalepp, 1979, 784; 1996, 79; Mühlenberg et al. 2011, 202; Enkhtur et al. 2021b, 370 Megalycinia strictaria: Viidalepp, 1975, 482; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 14; 2021a, Supplementary material (Table S2.

Material: KB3 - 1 ♀.

Distribution: Russia (S. Ural, Altai, S. Siberia, Dauria, southern part of the Far East), Kazakhstan, Mongolia, N. and S. W. China, N Korea.

Dyscia fagaria (Thunberg, 1784)

Dyscia fagaria: Beljaev, 2016, 54.

Material: KB4 - 1 ♂.

Distribution: N. W. and Central Europe, W. Ukraine, Russia (S. European part, Caucasus, S. Ural, Transbaikalia), Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China (N. and N. W.).

Jankowskia bituminaria (Lederer, 1853)

Boarmia bituminaria: Staudinger, 1896, 274; Staudinger & Rebel, 1901, 339

Cleora bituminaria: Viidalepp, 1975, 483

Pleogynopteryx bituminaria: Vojnits, 1975, 190; 1977, 173; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 15

Jankowskia bituminaria: Vasilenko, 2004, 68; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 14; Knyazev et al. 2020, 192

Jankowskia bituminaria raddensis Wehrli, 1941: Jiang et al. 2010, 10; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KA - 2 ♂♂, KB4 - 3 ♀♀, KU - 1 ♂.

Distribution: Russia (S. Siberia, Dauria, southern part of Far East), Mongolia, N. China, N. Korea.

Spartopteryx kindermannaria (Staudinger, 1871)

Synopsia kindermannaria: Staudinger, 1896, 274; Staudinger & Rebel, 1901, 338

Spartopteryx kindermannaria: Viidalepp, 1975, 482; Vojnits, 1975, 189; 1977, 173; Viidalepp, Solyanikov, 1977, 637; Mühlenberg et al. 2011, 202; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 15

Spartopteryx kindermanniaria [sic!]: Viidalepp, 1979, 789; 1996, 8.

Material: KB3 - 1 ♂.

Distribution: Russia (S. Ural, Altai, S. Siberia, Dauria, southern part of the Far East), S. Kazakhstan (Tien Shan), Mongolia, China (N. and N. W.).

Hypomecis atomaria (Linnaeus, 1758)

Ematurga atomaria: Staudinger, 1892, 379; Staudinger & Rebel, 1901, 350; Alberti, 1957, 6; Viidalepp, 1975, 486; Viidalepp, Solyanikov, 1977, 639; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 13

Ematurga atomaria krassnojarscensis Fuchs, 1901: Vojnits, 1975, 197; 1977, 174; Viidalepp, 1979, 787; 1996, 85; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KB2 - 1 ♂.

Distribution: Europe, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, E. and S. Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China.

* Alcis depravata (Staudinger, 1892.

Material: KB2 - 1 ♀ (GenBank ID: OQ720933).

Distribution: E. and S. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, N. W. China.

Note: The only collected female was a mosaic gynandromorphy (Figure 7A). However, its appearance corresponds to the features of A. depravata, previously unknown from Mongolia.

Phaselia serrularia (Eversmann,1847).

Phaselia serrularia: Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KA - 1 ♂ (GenBank ID: OQ720935).

Distribution: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, W. Mongolia, and Southern Fderal District of Russia.

Note: The DNA barcode obtained from our sample was found to be identical with several COI of Phaselia collected in Khovd Aimag (Mongolia) by Roman Yakovlev in 2005 and 2016. Four of them are identified as Phaselia serrularia (Eversmann, 1847) and only one as P. narynaria. Analysis of genitalia of our specimen (Figures 10A, 10B) shows that it is conspecific with P. serrularia.

Chiasmia saburraria (Eversmann, 1851)

Macaria intermaculata var. kenteataStaudinger, 1892, 375: Staudinger, 1896, 273

Phasiane zimmermanni Graeser, 1888 var. kenteata: Staudinger & Rebel, 1901, 353

Phasiane biparata Lederer, 1853: Staudinger & Rebel 1901, 353

Semiothisa saburraria kenteataStaudinger, 1892: Vojnits, 1974, 283; 1977, 172

Semiothisa saburraria: Viidalepp, 1975, 478; 1978, 760; 1996, 75

Chiasma [sic!] saburraria: Vasilenko, 2004, 68

Chiasmia saburraria: Enkhtur et al. 2020, 13; Knyazev et al. 2020, 193

Chiasmia saburraria kenteata: Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KB4 -1 ♂.

Distribution: Russia (S. Ural to the southern part of the Far East), Mongolia, N. China.

GEOMETRINA.

* Holoterpna diagrapharia Püngeler, 1900.

Material: KB2 - 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (Figures 7C, 7D).

Distribution: Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, W. Mongolia.

Note: Rare turanian desert species (Gorbunov, 2011; Viidalepp, 1988), new for Mongolia. Apparently, the easternmost limits of the H. diagrapharia range lies in S. W. Mongolia.

Thetidia smaragdaria (Fabricius, 1787)

Phorodesma smaragdaria var. prasinaria (Eversamann, 1837): Staudinger, 1896, 271

Euchloris smaragdaria v. mongolica: Staudinger & Rebel 1901, 262

Euchloris anomica Prout, 1935: Vojnits, 1976, 169; 1977, 167

Euchloris volgariamongolica: Vojnits, 1977, 168

Thetidia volgaria (Guenée, 1858): Viidalepp, 1975, 442; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 15

Thetidia smaragdariamongolica: Viidalepp, 1976, 845; 1996, 63; Mühlenberg et al. 2011, 202 Thetidia volgaria mongolica: Enkhtur et al. 2020, 15

Thetidia smaragdaria: Knyazev et al. 2020, 192; Enkhtur et al. 2021, Supplementary material (Table S2.

Material: KB2 - 1 ♂, KB3 - 1 ♂.

Distribution: Europe, Russia, W. Turkey, ?Transcaucasia, ?N. Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan.

Dyschloropsis impararia (Guenée, 1858)

Eucrostis impararia: Staudinger, 1896, 272

Geometra impararia: Staudinger & Rebel 1901, 261

Holoterpna impararia: Vojnits, 1976, 170; 1977, 167

Dyschloropsis impararia: Alberti, 1971, 373; Viidalepp, 1975, 442; 1976, 845; 1996, 61; Vasilenko, 2004, 68; Knyazev et al. 2020, 192; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KA - 1 ♂; KD - 2 ♂♂; KU - 1 ♀; KB1 - 1 ♀.

Distribution: Russia (southern Ural to Dauria), Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, N. China.

Phaiogramma etruscaria (Zeller, 1849)

Fhaiogramma [sic!] etruscaria: Vasilenko, 2006, 34.

Material: KU - 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; KB1 - 1 ♂.

Distribution: S. Europe, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, Levant, S. W. Russia, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, N. Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, W. Mongolia.

Microloxia herbaria (Hübner, [1813])

Microloxia herbaria advolata Eversmann, 1837: Vojnits, 1977, 168; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 15

Microloxia herbaria: Viidalepp, 1975, 443; 1976, 846; 1996, 62; Knyazev et al. 2020, 192; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KB1 - 12 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, KU - 1 ♂.

Distribution: Europe, Russia (S. European part, S. Ural), Turkey, Levant, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, N. Iran, Afghanistan, N. Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, W. Mongolia.

LARENTIINA.

Aplocera plagiata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Aplocera plagiataroddi Vasilenko, 1995: Enkhtur et al. 2020, 16

Material: KB3 -1 ♀.

Distribution: Europe, European Russia, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Levant, N. Iran, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, N. America.

* Scotopteryx supproximaria (Staudinger, 1892)

Material: KB3 - 2 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀ (Figures 7E, 7F; genitalia: Figures 10C, 10D, 11I; GenBank ID: OQ720938).

Distribution: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, W. Mongolia.

Note: A new species for the fauna of Mongolia. Genetically S. supproximaria is close to S. burgaria (Eversmann, 1843): at minimum distances of 1.2%.

Euphyia unangulata (Haworth, 1809)

Euphyia unangulata: Viidalepp, 1975, 459; 1996, 17; Mühlenberg et al. 2011, 201; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 17; 2021a, Supplementary material (Table S2); 2021b, 371.

Material: KA - 2 ♂♂.

Distribution: Europe, Russia, Mongolia, Central China, Korea, Japan, N. America.

Euphyia coangulata (Prout, 1914)

Cid[aria] unangulata var. subangulata Staudinger, 1896, 279

Larentia unangulata var. subangulata: Staudinger & Rebel, 1901, 303

Cidaria coangulata: Alberti, 1971, 373

Euphyia coangulata: Viidalepp, 1975, 459; 1977, 571; 1996, 17; Vojnits, 1979, 209; Knyazev et al. 2020, 193; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KB2 - 2 ♂♂; KB4 - 2 ♀♀.

Distribution: Russia (Altai, S. Siberia, Transbaikalia), Mongolia, W. China.

* Cataclysme riguata (Hübner, [1813])

Material: KB3 - 5 ♂♂ (Figure 7B).

Distribution: S. Europe, S. W. Russia (S. European part, Caucasus, S. Ural, Altai), Turkey, Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), N. Iran, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, S. Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan.

Note: Not previously recorded from Mongolia. Earlier Viidalepp (1975, 462) noted that occurrence of this species in Mongolia is probable.

Catarhoe cuculata (Hufnagel, 1767)

Catarhoe cuculataundulosa (Warnecke, 1934): Viidalepp, 1996, 14

Catarhoe cuculata: Mühlenberg et al., 2011, 200; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 16; 2021b, 371

Material: KB3 - 1 ♀.

Distribution: Algeria, Europe, Russia, Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Northeast China.

Kyrtolitha obstinata (Staudinger, 1892)

Kyrtolitha obstinata: Viidalepp, 1975, 451; 1977, 566; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KA - 2 ♂♂ (Figures 8A, 8B).

Distribution: E. and S. Kazakhstan (Dzhungarian (?) and Transili Alatau), Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, W. Mongolia, N. W. China.

Nebula mongoliata (Staudinger, 1896)

Cid[aria] ibericata ? var. mongoliataStaudinger, 1896, 278

Larentia mongoliata: Staudinger & Rebel, 1901, 300

Coenotephria mongoliata: Viidalepp, 1975, 458; Vojnits, 1979, 209

Nebula mongoliata: Viidalepp, 1996, 27; Vasilenko, 2004, 66; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 19

Material: KB2 - 1 ♂ (GenBank ID: OQ720940), KB3 - 2 ♂♂ (GenBank ID: OQ720939), KB4 - 5 ♂♂ (GenBank ID: OQ720941, OQ720942, OQ720943, OQ720944.

Distribution: Russia (S. E. Altai, Tyva, Irkutskaya Oblast, Buryatia, Zabaikalsky Kray), Mongolia. Note: The studied specimens are genetically homogeneous, and their barcodes differ from ones of S. Siberian N. mongoliata (Irkutskaya Oblast, Buryatia) by 4 substitutions.

Eupithecia centaureata ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)

Eupithecia centaureata: Viidalepp, 1975, 463; Vasilenko, 2004, 67; Mironov, Galsworthy, 2014, 114; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 17; 2021a, Supplementary material (Table S2); 2021b, 371; Knyazev et al. 2020, 193

Eupithecia centaureatacentralisataStaudinger, 1892: Viidalepp, 1978, 753; 1996, 41

Material: KB4 - 1 ♂, KB2 - 1 ♂, KB3 - 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, KU - 1 ♂, 1 ♀.

Distribution: Europe, Russia (European part to Amur region), N. Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia); Turkey, Transcaucasia, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, China, Taiwan, Korea, India.

Eupithecia vulgata (Haworth, 1809)

Tephroclystia vulgata: Staudinger & Rebel, 1901, 312

Eupithecia vulgata: Staudinger, 1896, 283; Viidalepp, 1975, 463; Mironov & Galsworthy, 2014, 118; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 18

Eupithecia vulgata lepsariaStaudinger, 1882: Viidalepp, 1996: 42; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 18.

Material: KA - 2 ♂♂.

Distribution: N. Africa, Europe, Russia (European part to Amur region), Morocco, Lebanon, Turkey, Transcaucasia, N. Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, N. W. China, Korea.

Eupithecia holtiViidalepp, 1973

Eupithecia holti Viidalepp, 1973, 397; 1975, 468; 1996, 36; Mironovm & Galsworthy, 2014, 105; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 17; Knyazev et al. 2020, 19.

Material: KA - 1 ♂, 1♀, KB4 - 1 ♂.

Distribution: Russia (Altai Mountains, Tyva, S. Buryatia), Mongolia.

Eupithecia vicariata Dietze, 1904

Eupithecia vicariata: Mironov, Galsworthy, 2014, 113; Knyazev et al. 2020, 19.

Material: KB3 - 2 ♀♀, KU - 1 ♂.

Distribution: Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, S. W. Kazakhstan, Mongolia, W. China.

Eupithecia exactata Staudinger, 1882

Eupithecia exactata: Viidalepp, 1978, 752; Mironov & Galsworthy, 2014, 120; Knyazev et al. 2020, 193.

Material: KD - 2 ♂♂, G-AT - 1 ♂, 1 ♀.

Distribution: N. Iran, S. E. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N. E. Afghanistan, Russia (Altai Mountains), Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, China, India, Pakistan.

Eupithecia innotata (Hufnagel, 1767)

Eupithecia innotata: Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KB3 - 2 ♂♂.

Distribution: Europe (except Iceland, Scandinavia and the south of the Balkans), W. Russia, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Mongolia, China (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Qinghai).

Eupithecia lariciata (Freyer, 1842)

Eupithecia lariciata: Viidalepp, 1975, 468; Viidalepp & Solyanikov, 1977, 634; Viidalepp, 1996, 37; Mironov & Galsworthy, 2014, 108; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 17; 2021, Supplementary material (Table S2.

Material: KD - 1 ♂.

Distribution: Europe, Russia, Mongolia, Central China, N. Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), N. America.

Eupithecia subbrunneata Dietze, 1904

Catarina carissima (Vojnits & de Laever, 1973): Viidalepp, 1978, 756

Eupithecia carissima: Viidalepp, 1996, 40; Vasilenko, 2004, 66

Eupithecia subbrunneata: Mironov & Galsworthy, 2014, 110; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KU - 3 ♂♂.

Distribution: Russia (S. Ural to Primorye), S. E. Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Korea.

Eupithecia dissertata (Püngeler, 1905)

Eupithecia dissertata: Viidalepp, 1975. 462; Viidalepp & Solyanikov, 1977, 631; Viidalepp, 1978, 753; Viidalepp, 1996, 36; Mironov & Galsworthy, 2014, 107; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KU - 2 ♂♂.

Distribution: Central and E. Europe (in mountains), Russia (Altai Mountains, Sayan, Baikal region, Amur region, Magadanskaya Oblast), S. E. Kazakhstan, N. and W. Mongolia, China.

Eupithecia illaborata Dietze, 1904

Eupithecia illaborata: Mironov & Galsworthy, 2014, 102; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KB3 - 1 ♀.

Distribution: S. E. Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan (Tien Shan Mountains), Mongolia, N. China (Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia).

Eupithecia kozlovi Viidalepp, 1973

Eupithecia kozlovi Viidalepp, 1973, 398; 1975, 470; 1996, 37; Mironov & Galsworthy, 2014, 108; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 17; Knyazev et al. 2020, 193.

Material: KU - 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, KB1 - 1 ♂, KB2 - 1 ♂, 1 ♀, KB4 - 1 ♂.

Distribution: China (Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Gansu), Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, S. E. Kazakhstan, Russia (Altai Mountains), Mongolia.

Eupithecia despectaria Lederer, 1853

Eupithecia despectaria: Viidalepp, 1975, 462; 1978, 752; Vasilenko, 2004, 67; Mironov & Galsworthy, 2014, 115; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KU - 5 ♂♂, KB3 - 1 ♂.

Distribution: Turkey, Russia (Altai Mountains, Sayan, Tyva), S. and E. Kazakhstan, Mongolia, N. W. China (Kuldja), Kirghizstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, N. W. Pakistan.

Eupithecia parallelaria Bohatsch, 1893

Eupithecia parallelaria: Viidalepp, 1975, 466; 1978, 755; 1996, 39; Mironov & Galsworthy, 2014, 11.

Material: KU - 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, KA - 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, KB2 - 2 ♀♀, KB3 - 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, KM2 - 1 ♀, KB1 - 2 ♀♀.

Distribution: Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, S. E Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, N. W. China, Mongolia.

Horisme intersecta (Staudinger, 1882)

Cid[aria] intersecta: Staudinger, 1896, 280

Larentia intersecta: Staudinger & Rebel, 1901, 301

Horisme intersecta: Viidalepp, 1975, 474

Euphyia intersecta: Enkhtur et al. 2020, 1.

Material: KA - 1 ♂, 1 ♀, KB2 - 2 ♂♂, KB3 -5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀.

Distribution: N. Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, ?N. W. China, Mongolia.

STERRHINA.

Rhodostrophia vibicaria (Clerck, 1759)

Rhodostrophia vibicaria: Viidalepp, 1975, 450; 1976, 850; 1996, 57; Mühlenberg et al. 2011, 201; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 21; 2021a, Supplementary material (Table S2); 2021b, 37.

Material: KB3 - 2 ♂♂, KB1 - 1 ♂.

Distribution: Europe, Morocco, Algeria, Turkey, Transcaucasia, N. Iran, W. Russia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Central Mongolia.

Rhodostrophia jacularia (Hübner, [1813])

Eusarca jacularia: Staudinger, 1896, 276

Rhodostrophia jacularia: Viidalepp, 1975, 450; 1976, 850; Viidalepp & Solyanikov, 1977, 626; Viidalepp, 1996, 57; Vojnits, 1976, 171; 1977, 169; Vasilenko, 2004, 67; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 21; 2021a, Supplementary material (Table S2); 2021b, 371; Knyazev et al. 2020, 193

Rhodostrophia tyuguiVasilenko, 1998, 1138; Vasilenko, 2004, 67; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 21

Rhodostrophia ustyuzhaniniVasilenko, 2006, 345; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 2.

Material: KB4 - 1 ♂, KD - 3 ♂♂, KM1 - 10 ♂♂, G-AT - 2 ♂♂.

Distribution: Turkey, Russia (Volga region, Altai, S. Siberia, Dauria), N. Kazakhstan, Mongolia, N. W. China.

* Rhodostrophia crypta Viidalepp & Kostjuk, 202.

Material: KA - 1 ♂ (Figure 8D).

Distribution: E. Kazakhstan, W. Mongolia.

Note: R. crypta was described only 3 years ago. The authors of this taxon showed that it reliably differs from its closely related R. vastaria Christoph, 1877 described from Turkmenistan. According to the Viidalepp and Kostjuk (2020), R. vastaria inhabits the Turkmen shore of the Caspian Sea (Turkmenbashi), the Ustjurt plateau (W. Kazakhstan) and the southern Urals. The genitalia structure of our specimen (Figures 10E-10G) corresponds precisely to those in R. crypta which is new for Mongolia.

Idaea straminata (Borkhausen, 1794)

Sterrha sibirica: Djakonov, 1926; Vojnits, 1976, 174

Sterrhainornata (Haworth, 1809): Viidalepp, 1975, 444

Idaea straminata: Korsun et al. 2012, 22; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 21; 2021a, Supplementary material (Table S2); Knyazev et al. 2020, 193

Idaea straminatasibirica: Viidalepp, 1996, 52; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 2.

Material: KB4 - 1 ♂.

Distribution: N. Africa, Europe, Lebanon, Turkey, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Russia, N. Iran, Afghanistan, W. Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, N. E. China, N. Korea.

* Idaea ossiculata (Lederer, 1870.

Material: KB3 - 1 ♂ (Figure 8E; genitalia: Figures 10H, 10I).

Distribution: Europe, Russia (S. European part, Caucasus, S. Ural), Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan), Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, W. Mongolia.

Note: This species is easily confused with I. sylvestraria (Hübner, [1799]). I. ossiculata is a new representative of the genus for the Mongolian fauna.

Idaea descitaria (Christoph, 1893.

Material: KB2 - 2 ♂♂, KB1 - 1 ♂ (Figure 8F), KB3 - 1 ♂.

Distribution: E. Europe, Russia (S. European part, S. Ural, S. Siberia, Altai, Transbaikalia), Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N. W. China, Mongolia.

Note: In the studied publications on Mongolian geometrids this species is absent. Mongolia is listed for the range of I. descitaria in Vasilenko (2019, p. 352). According to the author (personal communication) the specimens of I. descitaria from Mongolia are kept in collection of Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk).

Scopula cumulata (Alphéraky, 1883)

Scopula cumulata: Vasilenko, 2006, 344; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 2.

Material: KA – 1♂, KB3 – 2♂ 2♀.

Distribution: Russia (S. E. Altai), S. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, N. W. China, W. Mongolia.

Scopula beckeraria (Lederer, 1853)

Scopula beckeraria: Vojnits, 1976, 172; 1977, 170; Viidalepp, 1975, 449; Vasilenko, 2004, 67; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 21; Knyazev et al. 2020, 194

Scopula beckeraria amatariaWehrli, 1926: Viidalepp & Solyanikov, 1977, 625; Viidalepp, 1976, 849; 1996, 56; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 2.

Material: KD - 1 ♀, KB4 - 6 ♂♂, 1 ♀, KA - 1 ♂, KB2 - 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, KB1 - 3 ♀♀, KB3 - 2 ♀♀.

Distribution: S. E. Europe (Macedonia, N. Greece, Bulgaria, W. Romania), Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, E. Mediterranean, Turkey, Levant, Russia (southern part: Volga region to Transbaikalia), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, N. India, N. Iran, N. Afghanistan, N. China.

Scopula marginepunctata (Goeze, 1781)

Acidalia marginepunctata: Staudinger & Rebel, 1901, 273

Scopula marginepunctata: Viidalepp, 1975, 448; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 21; 2021b, 37.

Material: KB4 - 1 ♂, KB2 - 5 ♂♂, 1 ♀, KB3 - 2 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀, KB1 - 1 ♀.

Distribution: Europe, S. W. Russia, Morocco, Tunisia, Levant, Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, N. W. China, Mongolia.

Scopula rufotinctata (Prout, 1913)

Glossotrophia rufotinctata: Vasilenko, 2006, 345; Enkhtur et al., 2020, 20.

Material: KA - 2 ♂♂ (GenBank ID: OQ720937) 1 ♀ (Figures 9A, 9B; genitalia: Figures 11A-11C).

Distribution: Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, N. W. China, India.

Note: The barcode obtained by us significantly differs from COI sequences of S. rufotinctata available in BOLD (minimum distance 4.3%); however, it is almost conspecific to several Scopula sp. (‘sacrariaNP01Ir’) from N. Iran (Golestan). Perhaps there is misidentification and / or several differentiated haplogroups occur in populations of S. rufotinctata.

* Scopula divisaria (Christoph, 1893.

? Scopula latelineata (Graeser, 1892): Vasilenko, 2006, 345; Enkhtur et al. 2020, 2.

Material: KA - 1 ♂ (GenBank ID: OQ720936).

Distribution: Russia (S. Ural), Kazakhstan, W. Mongolia.

Note: Some authors (Enkhtur et al. 2020; Vasilenko, 2006) recorded a sister species Scopula latelineata (Graeser, 1892) for Mongolia. We studied the original description of S. latelineata, and also a photo of syntype of Acidalia latelineata in Hausmann (2004, Pl. 19, Fig. 155f). The appearance (Figure 9E) and genitalia structure (Figure 11D-11F) of the male collected in our trip correspond to that in S. divisaria. It has not hitherto been recorded from Mongolia.

Lythria purpuraria (Linnaeus, 1758.

Material: G-AS - 1 ♂.

Distribution: Europe, Transcaucasia, Russia (from the western borders to Transbaikalia), Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, W. Mongolia, N. W. China.

Note: In the studied publications on Mongolian geometrids this species is absent. Mongolia is listed for the range of L. purpuraria in Vasilenko (2019, p. 353). According to the author (personal communication) the specimens of L. purpuraria from Mongolia are kept in collection of Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk).

* Casilda consecraria (Staudinger, 1871.

Material: KB4 - 2 ♂♂ (Figure 9C; genitalia: Figures 11G, 11H; GenBank ID: OQ720934) 1 ♀ (Figure 9D).

Distribution: S. Europe (S. France, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, S. Sicily), Morocco, Israel, Egypt, S. Cyprus, Levant, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Turkmenistan, S. W. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan.

Note: Not hitherto recorded from Mongolia.

Thus, we collected 51 species of moths, of which 8 were new to Mongolia. This ratio suggests that the inventory of the Geometridae fauna of the Mongolian Altai, as well as Mongolia as a whole, is still far from completion.

Some species new for Mongolia have turanian and central Asian ranges (4 species), and one - Tien Shan range. Presumably, in S. W. Mongolia they are located on the eastern border of their areas being elements of the Dzhungarian fauna.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Vladimir G. Mironov (St. Petersburg) for the assistance in identifying the part of material (genus Eupithecia), and Sergey V. Vasilenko for useful consultations.

The current study was performed within the framework of state project no. 122031100272-3 (analysis of the material) and also was funded by Russian Science Foundation to the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences RAS, project number 19-14-00202 (field trips, collecting the material, molecular-genetic study). The work was partially performed using the equipment of the ‘Chromas’ Core Facility and the Centre for Molecular and Cell Technologies of St. Petersburg State University, Russia.

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Author notes

* Autor para la correspondencia / Corresponding author: maakhov@gmail.com