Introduction

The Iberian Peninsula is one of the richest European regions in animal species diversity (RAMOS et al., 2001). 54% of the total species described for Europe and approximately 38% of the species assessed by the European Red List of Species are present in Spain (SÁNCHEZ et al., 2013). According to the data of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (2018), the country is located in one of the 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world, thanks to its high rate of endemism.

Historically, the researchers have tended to focus on the study of sex pheromones of insect pests rather than attractive molecules for protected and threatened species (OLEANDER et al., 2015; RAZOV et al., 2017; SUBCHEV et al., 1998, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2016; WITZGALL et al., 2010). However, pheromone-based monitoring methods can reveal rare and endangered species even with very low population density due to their sensitivity and species-selectivity. Pheromone lures and traps can detect and monitor the seasonal flight of such insects and provide a better understanding of their biology (LARSSON, 2016). Despite these obvious advantages, pheromones have been exploited for these purposes in very few cases in part because of the high cost and the difficulty of identifying them (MILLAR et al., 2010; SVENSSON et al., 2012). Synthetic sex attractants can successfully replace natural pheromones especially if they are expensive or unstable (EFETOV et al., 2010, 2011, 2015b; SUBCHEV et al., 2010; XU et al., 2012). Additionally, field screening tests of sex attractants are generally simpler, more effective and less laborious than visual searches for a target species (EFETOV et al., 2014b; RAY et al., 2014).

Previous studies have reported the attractive properties of 2-butyl 2-dodecenoate (R- and S- enantiomers and a racemic mixture) produced in the Crimean Federal University. The species and sex specificity of the newly synthesized esters has been proved for Procridinae moths in field observations undertaken in the Crimea, continental Russia, Austria, Greece, Italy, Tajikistan, Turkey, Japan, and some other countries (CAN CENGIZ et al., 2018; EFETOV et al., 2016a, 2016b, 2017, 2018; EFETOV & GORBUNOV, 2016). In 2017 and 2018, our field screening tests were carried out in Spain.

Large revisional work has been done on Palaearctic Procridinae during the last years (EFETOV, 1992, 1996a, b, 1997a, b, 1998, 1999, 2001a, 2006, 2010; EFETOV et al., 2014b; EFETOV & TARMANN, 1999, 2013a, b, 2014a, b, 2016a, b, 2017b; KEIL, 2014; MOLLET & TARMANN, 2007). Based on the recent classification, the Zygaenidae family includes five subfamilies: Inouelinae Efetov & Tarmann, 2017; Procridinae Boisduval, 1828; Chalcosiinae Walker, 1865; Callizygaeninae Alberti, 1954; and Zygaeninae Latreille, 1809 (EFETOV, 2001b; EFETOV et al., 2004, 2006, 2014a, 2015a; EFETOV & HAYASHI, 2008; EFETOV & KNYAZEV, 2014; EFETOV & SAVCHUK, 2009, 2013; EFETOV & TARMANN, 2012, 2017a; HOFMANN & TREMEWAN, 2017; KNYAZEV et al., 2015a, b). The Zygaenidae fauna of Spain is represented by Procridinae, Chalcosiinae, and Zygaeninae. Six Zygaenidae species are endemics of the Iberian Peninsula: Rhagades (Wiegelia) predotae (Naufock, 1930), Adscita (Adscita) jordani (Naufock, 1921), A. (A.) schmidti (Naufock, 1933), A. (Tarmannita) bolivari (Agenjo, 1937), Jordanita (Jordanita) vartianae (Malicky, 1961) (subfamily Procridinae), and Zygaena (Agrumenia) ignifera Korb, 1897 (subfamily Zygaeninae) (EFETOV, 2004; EFETOV & TARMANN, 2012).

Male specimens of Zygaenidae use chemical and visual signals for finding the females (EFETOV et al., 2015b; NAZAROV & EFETOV, 1993). In the subfamily Procridinae the majority of species has cryptic habitus and as a result chemical attraction is more important (EFETOV et al., 2010, 2014c). Sex pheromones or sex attractants were unknown for any endemic Spanish species (El-SAYED, 2018; SUBCHEV, 2014). However, it was recently shown that (2S)-butyl 2-dodecenoate attracts the males of Rhagades (Rhagades) pruni ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) in the Crimea and Italy (EFETOV et al., 2016c, 2017), and Rhagades (Wiegelia) amasina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) in the Middle Anatolia Region of Turkey (CAN CENGIZ et al., 2017; CAN et al., 2018). We hypothesized that the males of the rare endemic Spanish species Rh. predotae also might come to lures or sticky traps with synthetic (2S)-butyl 2-dodecenoate. Thus, the objectives of the present work were: 1) to determine whether (2S)- butyl 2-dodecenoate is a sex attractant for the males of Rh. predotae; 2) to test 2-butyl 2-dodecenoate (the racemate and its enantiomers) as an attractant for other Spanish Procridinae species including Rh. pruni, a very rare species on the Iberian Peninsula.

Materials and methods

Field experiments with synthetic sex attractants were undertaken in Spain by G. M. Tarmann in Barcelona Province from 13-20 June 2017 and by K. A. Efetov and G. M. Tarmann in Cuenca Province from 9-13 July 2018 (see Table 1 for locality information, Figs 1-6). We tested responses of Procridinae species to three attractants: EFETOV-2 (the racemate), EFETOV-S-2 (R-enantiomer), and EFETOV-S- S-2 (S-enantiomer) of 2 butyl 2-dodecenoate. The synthesis of the indicated ester was made according to the procedure published by EFETOV et al. (2014c).

To prepare baits, rubber caps were impregnated with different types of attractants, fixed on cardboard rectangles and marked. A variety of methods were used to assess the attractiveness of the baits: Delta plastic sticky traps with lures hung on bushes or trees or cardboard rectangles with rubber caps placed on stones on the ground (Fig. 7) or attached to the hat of the researcher slowly crossing the biotope. Each method had its advantages and drawbacks. In the last two cases, the attracted specimens were collected by netting them near the rubber caps.

All specimens were determined by examination of the genitalia by K. A. Efetov and G. M. Tarmann.

Results and discussion

During our field trials in 2018 the attraction of two endemic Iberian Procridinae species to some of the exposed baits was recorded, viz. Rh. predotae and A. bolivari. In addition, the males of Rh. pruni were attracted in 2017. The list of attracted specimens, type of lures, and time of observation are provided below.

Rh. predotae (Naufock, 1930)

Locality III, near rubber caps with EFETOV-S-S-2, 1 ♂, 10-VII-2018, 20:38; locality III, near rubber caps with EFETOV-S-S-2, 1 ♂, 11-VII-2018, 11:30; locality III, near rubber caps with EFETOV-S-S-2, 3 ♂♂, 11-VII-2018, 20:40-20:47; locality III, near rubber caps with EFETOV-S-S-2, 4 ♂♂, 12-VII-2018, 20:20-20:30; locality IV, near rubber caps with EFETOV-S-S-2, 4 ♂♂, 13-VII-2018, 20:44-21:07.

A. bolivari (Agenjo, 1937)

Locality I, near rubber caps with EFETOV-2, 8 ♂♂, 9-VII-2018, 19:20-20:00; locality V, near trap with EFETOV-2, 1 ♂, 10-VII-2018, 14:00; locality II, near rubber caps with EFETOV-2, 5 ♂♂, 10-VII-2018, 20:00-20:20; locality III, near trap with EFETOV-2, 3 ♂♂, 11-VII-2018, 19:30-20:00; locality VI, near rubber caps with EFETOV-2, 1 ♂, 12-VII-2018, 12:30; locality IV, near rubber caps with EFETOV-2, 2 ♂♂, 13-VII-2018, 20:30.

Rh. pruni ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)

Locality VII, near rubber caps with EFETOV-S-S-2, 2 ♂♂, 15-VI-2017, 11:35; locality VII, near rubber caps with EFETOV-S-S-2, 3 ♂♂, 19-VI-2017, 10:05-10:32.

Totally, 20 A. bolivari males were attracted to EFETOV-2, whereas 13 ♂♂ of Rh. predotae and 5 ♂♂ of Rh. pruni came to lures with EFETOV-S-S-2. In the locality IV on 13th July 2018 three attractants were simultaneously placed on stones more than 10 m apart from each other. All the males of Rh. predotae were attracted only to lures EFETOV-S-S-2, while the males of A. bolivari were attracted to EFETOV-2. No specimens of any of the species approached the lure EFETOV-S-2 in this locality.

It is interesting that despite the fact that the traps with sticky layers were fixed to the branches of bushes at the altitude 1.0-1.5 m above the ground in almost all localities, we did not find any glued specimen of Rh. predotae and A. bolivari in the traps. All specimens were attracted only to rubber caps placed on the stones, fixed to the clothes or the hat of the collector.

Only male moths (Fig. 8) were captured indicating that these compounds act as a sex-specific attractants. Almost all males of Rh. predotae were attracted at evening twilight from 20:20-21:07 around the moment of sunset over the mountains. 18 flying males were additionally caught in locality IV without baits on 12 July also in the evening (21:00-21:35). It can thus be suggested that mating activity of this species connected with pheromone communication is at the end of the day. If we compare the time Rh. predotae and A. bolivari come to the attractants “EFETOV”, we see that Rh. predotae males were attracted mainly in the evening at sunset, while the males of A. bolivari were active also during the day.

In this study we show that EFETOV-S-S-2 ((2S)-butyl 2-dodecenoate) is a sex attractant for the males of Rh. predotae. This is a very rare species of which the biology is insufficiently studied. Rh. predotae is only known from several specimens kept in museum collections (NAUMANN et al., 1999). The adults are not nocturnal but visual searches for this species in their habitat and inspection of host- plants have been unsuccessful. Now, the application of this attractant-based method allows us to detect Rh. predotae.

Previously, it was shown that Rh. pruni (EFETOV et al., 2016c, 2017) and Rh. amasina (CAN CENGIZ et al., 2017; CAN et al., 2018) were also attracted to EFETOV-S-S-2. Based on this knowledge G. M. Tarmann used the synthetic sex attractant EFETOV-S-S-2 for rediscovering this species in Spain on the southern side of the Pyrenees in 2017. Rh. pruni is a very rare species on the Iberian Peninsula and occurs only in the central and eastern Pyrenees in Spain. It reaches here its westernmost distribution in the Palaearctic Region. So far, only three male specimens from three localities were known from the southern side of the Pyrenees, all situated in the Barcelona Province. All other records from Spain are from localities in Valle de Arán, situated on the northern side of the Pyrenees. Therefore, the south-eastern slopes of the Pyrenees in the Catalonian provinces of Barcelona and Lérida were carefully screened by G. M. Tarmann using a rubber lure with EFETOV-S-S-2 on cardboard that was attached to his hat. Literally hundreds of bush-groups of Prunus spinosa, partly mixed with Crataegus and Rubus, the well-known preferred habitats of Rh. pruni in Spain, France, Italy and Central Europe, were examined for a whole week, but only in one single locality was the search successful (in locality VII where five males of Rh. pruni had been attracted to lures with EFETOV-S-S-2 in good weather conditions with cloudless skies). In conclusion one can say that the artificial attractant EFETOV-S-S-2 was definitely responsible for this rediscovery of Rh. pruni in the south-eastern Pyrenees in Spain (although the species was extremely rare in 2017) after more than a third of a century (last record known is from 1980).

Our results provide further support for the hypothesis outlined in the introduction of this paper that (2S)-butyl 2-dodecenoate is a “generic” sex attractant for males of different species of the genus Rhagades Wallengren, 1863. Pheromone structure can be conservative within closely related Procridinae species of this genus. A similar situation is known also for other insects (RAY et al., 2014).

Conclusion

Sex attractants for two endemic Iberian Procridinae species, viz. Rhagades (Wiegelia) predotae and Adscita (Tarmannita) bolivari, were found for the first time. Rh. predotae males reacted to lures with (2S)-butyl 2-dodecenoate, while A. bolivari males were attracted to the racemate of 2-butyl 2- dodecenoate. Synthetic (2S)-butyl 2-dodecenoate is a sensitive and effective tool for monitoring Rh. predotae and Rh. pruni populations.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. A. Vives Moreno (Spain) for his help in obtaining the relevant collecting permits for our field work in Spain into the Scientific Project of SHILAP. For help in preparing attractants, we are indebted to Dr M. Y. Baevsky and Mr A. I. Poddubov (Russia). We also thank Dr A. Spalding (Great Britain) for editing the English text.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CAN, F., EFETOV, K. A., KAYA, K., KUCHERENKO, E. E., ULARLI, B. & TARMANN, G. M., 2018.– Application of sex attractants for investigation of the Procridinae fauna (Zygaenidae) in the Middle Anatolia Region of Turkey, 22-23 pp.– In F. CAN & Z. OKYAR (.eds). XVI. International Symposium on Zygaenidae (Izmir, Turkey, 1-5 May 2018): I-VIII, 39 pp. MCU Press, Izmir.

CAN CENGIZ, F., EFETOV, K. A., KAYA, K., KUCHERENKO, E. E., ULARLI, B. & TARMANN, G. M., 2017.– A study of Procridinae (Zygaenidae) species by new sex attractants in the Middle Anatolia Region of Turkey, 84 p.– In P. DRKENDA & B. DUGIC (eds). Book of Abstracts of 28th International Scientific-Expert Conference of Agriculture and Food Industry (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 27-29 September 2017): 167 pp. TMP, Sarajevo.

CAN CENGIZ, F., EFETOV, K. A., KAYA, K., KUCHERENKO, E. E., OKYAR, Z. & TARMANN, G. M., 2018.– Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) of Thrace Region of Turkey.– Nota lepidopterologica, 41(1): 23-36.

EFETOV, K. A., 1992.– On the systematic position of Ino duskei (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae).– Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 71(4): 144-148.

EFETOV, K. A., 1996a.– The description of the female of Adscita (Zygaenoprocris) rjabovi (Alberti, 1938) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 47(1): 31-35.

EFETOV, K. A., 1996b.– The description of the female of Illiberis (Alterasvenia) yuennanensis Alberti, 1951 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 47(2): 111-113.

EFETOV, K. A., 1997a.– Two new species of the genus Artona Walker, 1854 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 48(3): 165-177.

EFETOV, K. A., 1997b.– Three new species of the genus Illiberis Walker, 1854, from Taiwan and Vietnam (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 48(4): 231-244.

EFETOV, K. A., 1998.– A revision of the genus Goe Hampson, [1893] (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae), with descriptions of two new species.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 49(1): 49-62.

EFETOV, K. A., 1999.– Inouela gen. n. from Japan and Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Chalcosiinae).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 50(2): 91-95.

EFETOV, K. A., 2001a.– On the systematic position of Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) and the erection of two new subgenera.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 52(1): 41-48.

EFETOV, K. A., 2001b.– An annotated check-list of Forester moths (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 52(3): 153-162.

EFETOV, K. A., 2004.– Forester and Burnet Moths (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). The genera Theresimima Strand, 1917, Rhagades Wallengren, 1863, Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900, Adscita Retzius, 1783, Jordanita Verity, 1946 (Procridinae), and Zygaena Fabricius, 1775 (Zygaeninae): 272 pp. CSMU Press, Simferopol.

EFETOV, K. A., 2006.– Nine new species of the genus Chrysartona Swinhoe, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 57(1): 23-50.

EFETOV, K. A., 2010.– Illiberis (Hedina) louisi sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) from China.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 61(4): 235-241.

EFETOV, K. A., CAN, F., TOSHOVA, T. B. & SUBCHEV, M., 2010.– New sex attractant for Jordanita anatolica (Naufock) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae).– Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 62(2): 315-319.

EFETOV, K. A. & GORBUNOV, O. G., 2016.– Attraction of the males of Adscita statices (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) by synthetic sex attractant in Moscow Region.– Tavricheskiy Mediko- biologicheskiy Vestnik, 19(3): 40-46.

EFETOV, K. A. & HAYASHI, E., 2008.– On the chaetotaxy of the first instar larva of Artona martini Efetov, 1997 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae, Artonini).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 59(2): 101-104.

EFETOV, K. A., HOFMANN, A. & TARMANN, G. M., 2014b.– Application of two molecular approaches (use of sex attractants and DNA barcoding) allowed to rediscover Zygaenoprocris eberti (Alberti, 1968) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae, Procridinae), hitherto known only from the female holotype.– Nota lepidopterologica, 37(2): 151- 160.

EFETOV, K. A., HOFMANN, A., TARMANN, G. M. & TREMEWAN, W. G., 2014a.– Taxonomic comments on the treatment of the Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) in volume 3 of Moths of Europe, Zygaenids, Pyralids 1 and Brachodids (2012).– Nota lepidopterologica, 37(2): 123-133.

EFETOV, K. A., KOSHIO, C. & KUCHERENKO, E. E., 2018.– A new synthetic sex attractant for males of Illiberis (Primilliberis) pruni Dyar, 1905 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología, 46(182): 263-270.

EFETOV, K. A. & KNYAZEV, S. A., 2014.– New records of Jordanita (Roccia) volgensis (Möschler, 1862) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) from Siberia (Russia) and Ukraine.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 65(3): 175-178.

EFETOV, K. A., KUCHERENKO, E. E. & DESSE, J.-M., 2016a.– Sex attractant for Adscita (Procriterna) subtristis and Jordanita (Tremewania) splendens (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– Crimean Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 6(2): 33-36.

EFETOV, K. A., KUCHERENKO, E. E., PARSHKOVA, E. V. & TARMANN, G. M., 2016b.– 2-butyl 2-dodecenoate, a new sex attractant for Jordanita (Tremewania) notata (Zeller, 1847) and some other Procridinae species (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae).– SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología, 44(175): 519-527.

EFETOV, K. A., KUCHERENKO, E. E. & TARMANN, G. M., 2016c.– New synthetic sex attractants for Zygaenidae, 14-15 pp.– In G. M. TARMANN, W. G. TREMEWAN & A. SPALDING (eds). XV International Symposium on Zygaenidae (Mals/Malles, Südtirol/Alto Adige, Italy, 11-18 September 2016): I-XVIII, 46 pp. BGO Bürgergenossenschaft Obervinschgau, Mals/Malles.

EFETOV, K. A., PARSHKOVA, E. V., BAEVSKY, M. Y. & PODDUBOV, A. I., 2014c.– Sec-butyl ester of dodecenoate: synthesis and attractive properties.– Ukrainian Biochemical Journal, 86(6): 175-182.

EFETOV, K. A., PARSHKOVA, E. V. & KOSHIO, C., 2004.– The karyotype of Illiberis (Primilliberis) rotundata Jordan, [1907] (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 55(3): 167-170.

EFETOV, K. A., PARSHKOVA, E. V., TARASOVA, L. G. & TARMANN, G. M., 2015a.– The karyotypes of Procridinae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae), with the first record of the karyotype of Pollanisus commoni Tarmann, 2004, a representative of the tribe Artonini.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 66(2): 121-125.

EFETOV, K. A. & SAVCHUK, V. V., 2009.– The first record of Jordanita (Roccia) volgensis (Möschler, 1862) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) from the Crimea.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 60(3): 155-158.

EFETOV, K. A. & SAVCHUK, V. V., 2013.– Newly discovered morphs of Zygaena dorycnii Ochsenheimer, 1808 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae) in the Crimea, Ukraine.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 64(2): 111-115.

EFETOV, K. A., SUBCHEV, M. A., TOSHOVA, T. B. & KISELEV, V. M., 2011.– Attraction of Zygaenoprocris taftana (Alberti, 1939) and Jordanita horni (Alberti, 1937) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) by synthetic sex pheromones in Armenia.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 62(2): 113-121.

EFETOV, K. A. & TARMANN, G. M., 1999.– On the systematic position of Procris fusca Leech, [1889] (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 50(3):163-168.

EFETOV, K. A. & TARMANN, G. M., 2012.– A Checklist of the Palaearctic Procridinae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae): 108 pp. CSMU Press, Simferopol - Innsbruck.

EFETOV, K. A. & TARMANN, G. M., 2013a.– Illiberis (Alterasvenia) cernyi sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) from northern Thailand.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 64(1): 33-39.

EFETOV, K. A. & TARMANN, G. M., 2013b.– Chrysartona (Chrystarmanna) mineti sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) from northern Vietnam.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 64(3): 197-206.

EFETOV, K. A. & TARMANN, G. M., 2014a.– Illiberis (Alterasvenia) banmauka sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) from China and Myanmar.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 65(1): 62-70.

EFETOV, K. A. & TARMANN, G. M., 2014b.– A new European species, Adscita dujardini sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) confirmed by DNA analysis.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 65(3): 179-200.

EFETOV, K. A. & TARMANN, G. M., 2016a.– Pseudophacusa multidentata Efetov & Tarmann, a new genus and species of Procridini from Myanmar, China and Laos (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología, 44(173): 81-89.

EFETOV, K. A. & TARMANN, G. M., 2016b.– A new Illiberis species: I. (Alterasvenia) kislovskyi (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) from Myanmar.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 67(2): 137-142.

EFETOV, K. A. & TARMANN, G. M., 2017a.– The hypothetical ground plan of the Zygaenidae, with a review of the possible autapomorphies of the Procridinae and the description of the Inouelinae subfam. nov.– Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 71(1): 20-49.

EFETOV, K. A. & TARMANN, G. M., 2017b.– Thibetana keili Efetov & Tarmann, a new species of the genus Thibetana Efetov & Tarmann, 1995, from Tibet (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae, Artonini).– SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología, 45(180): 581-587.

EFETOV, K. A., TARMANN, G. M., HAYASHI, E. & PARSHKOVA, E. V., 2006.– New data on the chaetotaxy of the first instar larvae of Procridini and Artonini (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 57(4): 229-233.

EFETOV, K. A., TARMANN, G. M. & KUCHERENKO, E. E., 2017.– Catches of Procridinae (Zygaenidae) by new synthetic sex attractants in Italy, Austria and Greece, 58 p.– In M. SASIC, J. ROTA & I. MIHOCI (eds). Book of Abstracts of the 20th European Congress of Lepidopterology (Podgora, Croatia, 24-30 April 2017): 122 pp. Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb.

EFETOV, K. A., TARMANN, G. M., TOSHOVA, T. B. & SUBCHEV, M. A., 2015b.– Enantiomers of 2-butyl 7Z-dodecenoate are sex attractants for males of Adscita mannii (Lederer, 1853), A. geryon (Hübner, 1813), and Jordanita notata (Zeller, 1847) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) in Italy.– Nota lepidopterologica, 38(2): 161-169.

EL-SAYED, A. M., 2018.– The Pherobase: database of pheromones and semiochemicals. Available from http://www.pherobase.com (accessed 22th December 2018).

HOFMANN, A. F. & TREMEWAN, W. G., 2017.– The Natural History of Burnet Moths (Zygaena Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Part 1: 631 pp. Museum Witt, Munich.

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE, 2018.– Available from http://www.iucn.org/regions/europe/resources/country-focus/spain (accessed 22th December 2018).

KEIL, T., 2014.– Die Widderchen des Iran. Biologie und Verbreitung Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae.– Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 17: 1-462.

KNYAZEV, S. A., EFETOV, K. A. & PONOMARYOV, K. B., 2015a.– Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) from Omsk Region.– Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 94(11): 1297-1302.

KNYAZEV, S. A., EFETOV, K. A. & PONOMARYOV, K. B., 2015b.– Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) of Omsk Province.– Entomological Review, 95(8): 1106-1111.

LARSSON, M. C., 2016.– Pheromones and other semiochemicals for monitoring rare and endangered species.– Journal of Chemical Ecology, 42(9): 853-868.

MILLAR, J. G., MCELFRESH, J. S., ROMERO, C., VILA, M., MARI-MENA, N. & LOPEZ-VAAMONDE, C., 2010.– Identification of the sex pheromone of a protected species, the Spanish moon moth Graellsia isabellae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).– Journal of Chemical Ecology, 36(9): 923-932.

MOLLET, B. & TARMANN, G. M., 2007.– Two new species of Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae) from Iran.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 58(1): 69-84.

NAUMANN, C. M., TARMANN, G. M. & TREMEWAN, W. G., 1999.– The Western Palaearctic Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera): 304 pp. Apollo Book, Stenstrup.

NAZAROV, V. V. & EFETOV, K. A., 1993.– On the role of Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) in pollination of Anacamptis pyramidalis (Orchidaceae).– Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 72(10): 54-67.

OLEANDER, A., THACKERY, D. & BURMAN, J., 2015.– The effect of exposure to synthetic pheromone lures on male Zygaena filipendulae mating behaviour: implications for monitoring species of conservation interest.– Journal of Insect Conservation, 19(3): 539-546.

RAMOS, M. A., LOBO, J. M. & ESTEBAN, M., 2001.– Ten years inventorying the Iberian fauna: results and perspectives.– Biodiversity and Conservation, 10: 19-28.

RAY, A. M., ARNOLD, R. A., SWIFT, I., SCHAPKER, P. A., MCCANN, S., MARSHALL, C. J., MCELFRESH, J. R. & MILLAR, J. G., 2014.– (R)-desmolactone is a sex pheromone or sex attractant for the endangered valley elderberry longhorn beetle Desmocerus californicus dimorphus and several congeners (Cerambycidae: Lepturinae).– PLoS ONE, 9(12): 1-18.

RAZOV, J., EFETOV, K. A., FRANIN, K., TOSHOVA, T. B. & SUBCHEV, M. A., 2017.– The application of sex pheromone traps for recording the Procridinae fauna (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) in Croatia.– Entomologist’s Gazette, 68(1): 49-53.

SÁNCHEZ, S., DEL CARPIO, A. P., NIETO, A. & BILZ, M., 2013.– Spain’s Biodiversity at Risk: 8 pp. European Union Representative Office, Brussels.

SUBCHEV, M., 2014.– Sex pheromone communication in the family Zygaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera): a review.– Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 66(2): 147-157.

SUBCHEV, M., EFETOV, K. A., TOSHOVA, T., PARSHKOVA, E. V., TÓTH, M. & FRANCKE, W., 2010.– New sex attractants for species of the zygaenid subfamily Procridinae (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae).– Entomologia Generalis, 32(4): 243-250.

SUBCHEV, M. A., EFETOV, K. A., TOSHOVA, T. B. & KOSHIO, C., 2016.– Sex pheromones as isolating mechanisms in two closely related Illiberis species - I. (Primilliberis) rotundata Jordan, 1907, and I. (P.) pruni Dyar, 1905 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae).– Entomologist’s Gazette, 67(1): 51-57.

SUBCHEV, M., HARIZANOV, A., FRANCKE, W., FRANKE, S., PLASS, E., RECKZIEGEL, A., SCHRÖDER, F., PICKETT, J. A., WADHAMS, L. J. & WOODCOCK, C. M., 1998, erratum, 1999.– Sex pheromone of female vine bud moth, Theresimima ampellophaga comprises (2S)-butyl (7Z)-tetradecenoate.– Journal of Chemical Ecology, 24(7): 1141-1151; 25(5): 1203: i.e. corrected to (2R)-butyl (7Z)-tetradecenoate.

SUBCHEV, M. A, KOSHIO, C., TOSHOVA, T. B. & EFETOV, K. A., 2012.– Illiberis (Primilliberis) rotundata Jordan (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae) male sex attractant: Optimization and use for seasonal monitoring.– Entomological Science, 15: 137-139.

SUBCHEV, M., KOSHIO, C., TOSHOVA, T., EFETOV, K. A. & FRANCKE, W., 2013.– (2R)-butyl (7Z)-dodecenoate, a main sex pheromone component of Illiberis (Primilliberis) pruni Dyar (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae)?.– Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 65(3): 391-396.

SUBCHEV, M., TOSHOVA, T., KOSHIO, C., FRANKE, S., TRÖGER, A., TWELE, R., FRANCKE, W., PICKETT, J. A., WADHAMS, L. J. & WOODCOCK, C. M., 2009.– Identification and biological activity of sex pheromone components from females of the plum moth Illiberis rotundata Jordan (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae: Procridinae).– Chemoecology, 19: 47-54.

SVENSSON, G. P., LIEDTKE, C., HEDENSTRÖM, E., BREISTEIN, P., BÅNG, J. & LARSSON, M. C., 2012.– Chemical ecology and insect conservation: optimising pheromone-based monitoring of the threatened saproxylic click beetle Elater ferrugineus.– Journal of Insect Conservation, 16(4): 549-555.

XU, P., GARCZYNSKI, S. F., ATUNGULU, E., SYED, Z., CHOO, Y.-M., VIDAL, D. M., ZITELLI, C. H. L. & LEAL, W. S., 2012.– Moth sex pheromone receptors and deceitful parapheromones.– PLoS ONE, 7(7): 1-9.

WITZGALL, P., KIRSCH, P. & CORK, A., 2010.– Sex pheromones and their impact on pest management.– Journal of Chemical Ecology, 36(1): 80-100.

Author notes

*Autor para la correspondencia / Corresponding author. E-mail: efetov.konst@gmail.com