Introduction

The vine bud moth, Theresimima ampellophaga (Bayle-Barelle, 1808), (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae) has been known as a pest on Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) since ancient Roman times (COSTA, 1857; ISSEKUTZ, 1957a, b). This species has a Western Palaearctic Ponto-Mediterranean distribution and it occurs in many southern countries of Europe and western Asia (EFETOV, 2001, 2004; TARMANN, 2003). Nowadays it has pest status on grapevine in some eastern European countries and regions e.g. Bulgaria (HARIZANOV et al., 2006), Hungary (VOIGT et al., 2000), Crimea (EFETOV, 2005), and in some regions of Turkey (CAN et al., 2010). The presence of Th. ampellophaga in Albania was mentioned only in summarizing comments of the global distribution of this species (REBEL & ZERNY, 1934; ISSEKUTZ, 1957a, b; TARMANN, 1998). All mentioned authors have reported this species only based on the fact that it is present in the neighbouring countries, Greece and North Macedonia. However, there are no records in Albania based on original material.

Sex pheromones (chemical(s) identified in the pheromone gland of one of the sexes) and sex attractants (chemicals for which there is no such information) are frequently used in agriculture, horticulture, viticulture and forestry for biological pest control and as an important part of an integrated pest management (WITZGALL et al., 2010; SUBCHEV, 2014). The main compound of the sex pheromone of Th. ampellophaga females, which is released from a gland situated between 3rd and 5th segment of the abdomen (HALLBERG & SUBCHEV, 1997), has been identified as (2R)-butyl (7Z)-tetradecenoate (SUBCHEV et al., 1998). The synthetic form of this compound has high biological activity and it has been used in traps for detection and monitoring of the seasonal activity of this species in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Karalija, Nahirnic, Toshova, personal communications), Bulgaria (TOSHOVA & SUBCHEV, 2002; SUBCHEV et al., 2008b; TOSHOVA et al., 2017; MUMUN et al., 2018), Croatia (RAZOV et al., 2017), France (RYMARCZYK & DROUET, 2006; DROUET & LAMBERT, 2010), Greece (SUBCHEV et al., 2006; TARMANN et al., 2019), Hungary (VOIGT et al., 2000), Italy (SUBCHEV et al., 2008b), Romania (SUBCHEV et al., 2008a), Crimea (EFETOV, 2001; SUBCHEV et al., 2008b), Serbia (NAHIRNIC et al., 2015) and Turkey (CAN et al., 2010; CAN-CENGIZ et al., 2012). Recently, 2-butyl 2-dodecenoate which has a different position of the double bond in comparison with the main pheromone compound of Th. ampellophaga was synthesized from 2-butanol and dodecenoic acid in the Crimean Federal University (EFETOV et al., 2014b). The racemic mixture of (2R)-butyl 2-dodecenoate and (2S)-butyl 2-dodecenoate and (2R)- butyl 2-dodecenoate alone were named “EFETOV-2” and “EFETOV-S-2” respectively. Their attractiveness for the males of Th. ampellophaga was estimated in commercial and abandoned vineyards in different countries. It was shown that EFETOV-2 was attractive for the males of Th. ampellophaga in the Crimea (EFETOV et al., 2014b) and North Macedonia (MICEVSKI et al., 2018), while EFETOV-S-2 attracted the males of this species in Turkey (Thrace region) (CAN CENGIZ et al., 2018). Moreover, these substances were also attractive for the males of some other Zygaenidae species (EFETOV et al., 2014b, 2016, 2018). It is known that the sex pheromone of one species can be active at the same time as the sex attractant for other species (EFETOV et al., 2010, 2011, 2014a, 2015; SUBCHEV et al., 2010, 2012, 2013, 2016). However, these chemicals can attract different species of one subgenus, but not of another subgenus of the same genus. For example, in the genus Illiberis Walker, 1854, sex pheromones and attractants are known for the subgenus Primilliberis Alberti, 1954 (SUBCHEV et al., 2012, 2013, 2016; EFETOV et al., 2018), but not for the subgenus Alterasvenia Alberti, 1971. These two subgenera have also good morphological differences (EFETOV, 1996; EFETOV & TARMANN, 2013, 2014). Furthermore, sex pheromones and attractants can be successfully used for the detection and monitoring of low-density populations of harmful species or species of conservation interest (OLEANDER et al., 2015). The objectives of the present research were to establish a possible occurrence of the vine bud moth Th. ampellophaga in Albania, and to obtain information about its seasonal flight in this country.

Materials and methods

STUDY AREAS

Vineyards selected for this study were located in southern and southeastern Albania. In all vineyards, except the one at Grapsh, a broad spectrum pyrethroid insecticide Decis® 2.5 EC (Bayer Crop science Inc.) with an active compound deltamethrin was used twice per year (after bud emerging and after grape ripening).

The study areas are presented on Fig. 1:

1. 1. Devoll municipality - Sul village: 40º32’44”N, 20º55’00”E, 1024 m a. s. l. Grape varieties are Vranac, Manakuq and Prokupac.
2. 2. Dropull municipality - Grapsh village: 39º57’29.7”N, 20º14’55.1”E, 223 m a. s. l. Grape varieties are Shesh i Zi and Merlot.
3. 3. Fier municipality - Apolloni ancient city: 40º43’45”N, 19º28’48”E, 35 m a. s. l. The vineyard is located in the hills close to the old ancient city of Apolloni, part of the village Pojan. Grape variety is a French hybrid.
4. 4. Kolonjë municipality - Cerckë village: 40º08’15.5”N, 20º35’54.7”E, 732 m a. s. l. The vineyard is located in the western sunny side of a hill in an area known as Kroi i Ri, part of the former municipality Qendër Leskovik. Grape variety is Pinot Gris.
5. 5. Konispol municipality - Qafë Botë custom: 39º39’56.1”N, 20º10’01”E, 160 m a. s. l. The vineyard is located on the side of the main street at the mountain pass, in the most southern part of Albania, close to the city of Konispol and to the border with Greece. Grape variety is Shesh i Zi.
6. 6. Konispol municipality - Xarrë village: 39º43’58.8”N, 20º03’52.4”E, 9 m a. s. l. Grape varieties are Shesh i Bardhë and Riesling.
7. 7. Patos municipality - Zharrëz village: 40º42’27.5”N, 19º38’46.1”E, 31 m a. s. l. Grape variety is Rhoditis.
8. 8. Vlorë municipality - Panaja village: 40º32’12.5”N, 19º28’21.4”E, 14 m a. s. l. Grape varieties are Shesh i Bardhë and Shesh i Zi.

LURES

For preparing lures, synthetic sex pheromone (2R)-butyl (7Z)-tetradecenoate, synthesized in the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hamburg (Germany) (SUBCHEV et al., 1998), was applied onto serum bottle caps of grey rubber in a dose of 100 μg as a hexane solution.

For our field work, we also used the rubber caps impregnated with 50 ìl of the sex attractant EFETOV-2 (the racemic mixture of (2R)-butyl 2-dodecenoate and (2S)-butyl 2-dodecenoate), which was produced in the Crimean Federal University, Simferopol (Crimea) (EFETOV et al., 2014b).

The lures were wrapped singly in aluminium foil and stored in a freezer up to the date of field work.

TRAPS AND THEIR PLACEMENT IN THE VINEYARDS

The lures were fixed in Delta sticky traps with cardboard holders. The Delta type traps were prepared by a PVC foil. At the base of each trap a removable PVC sheet (15 cm x 10 cm) covered with insect glue (Chemstop Ecofix®, Slovakia) was placed. The traps were hung on the grape branches, 1 m above the ground (Fig. 2). The distance between the traps in a locality was at least 10 m. Placement date was in the period of 22-25-V-2017 for all the vineyards, except for Apolloni on 01-VI-2017, Panaja and Zharrëz on 26-27-VII-2017; meanwhile the removal date was on 30-IX-2017, except for the vineyards of Cerckë on 30-V-2017, Grapsh and Sul on 24-25-VII-2017

Four traps were used for each vineyard, two traps baited with sex pheromone, one trap baited with sex attractant and one unbaited (control) trap (Table 1), which in total makes 20 traps in 8 vineyards (with different varieties of V. vinifera). Traps were inspected and sticky inserts with insects captured were collected and replaced with new sticky sheets weekly. The determination of the species was done by examination of the genitalia structure of each moth caught. The collected reference material was stored at the Museum of Natural Sciences, Tirana, Albania.

Results

Th. ampellophaga was recorded in Albania for the first time, namely in the south-western part of the country. The species was found in four of eight vineyards where the traps were placed - Apolloni, Qafë Botë, Xarrë, and Panaja (Figs 3, 4). A total number of 11 specimens were captured: nine male moths in the pheromone traps and two males in the traps baited with the sex attractant EFETOV-2.

Only one generation of the vine bud moth was registered in Fier (Apolloni) and Konispol (Xarrë - one moth and Qafë Botë - seven moths). Catches in Vlorë (Panaja - two moths) in September indicated a presence of the second generation. The highest number of male moths caught was registered in Qafë Botë.

These results indicate that the vine bud moth can develop two generations in Albania, the 1st one with catches at from the end of June to early July and the 2nd in early September (Table 1).

Discussion

The sex pheromone and sex attractant EFETOV-2 were applied for the first time in the vineyards of southern Albania to detect the presence of Th. ampellophaga. The results of this study confirm the presence of this species in Albania. The data obtained are comparable with those known from similar studies by pheromone traps in the Mediterranean region (CAN et al., 2010). Based on results obtained using sex pheromone traps in previous research, the flight period of Th. ampellophaga lasted 3-5 weeks, as the beginning of the flight of the first generation was different in different countries based on the meteorologic and local conditions. Earlier catches in the year than those obtained in the recent study were registered in central Greece and Lefkada island (SUBCHEV et al., 2006), where the flight period started at the end of May. In some countries the period of flight was from the middle of June to early July - Serbia (NAHIRNIC et al., 2015), Bulgaria (TOSHOVA & SUBCHEV, 2002; SUBCHEV et al., 2008b; MUMUN et al., 2018), Romania (SUBCHEV et al., 2008a), and Crimea (EFETOV et al., 2014b). Using pheromone traps, two generations of the vine bud moth were reported in Rhodes Island (Greece) (SUBCHEV et al., 2006), Halkidiki (Greece) (TARMANN et al., 2019), southern Turkey (CAN et al., 2010), and in southern Bulgaria in some years (TOSHOVA et al., 2017; MUMUN et al., 2018). In Rhodes, the flight of the second generation started from the end of July and ended in late August while in the mediterranean part of Turkey and Bulgaria – from early August to early September.

This species has two generations also in Israel (the second generation has been confirmed by two specimens from Jerusalem, 18-VIII-1949, leg. J. H. Brair, in coll. Museum Witt, Munich), Lebanon (TALHOUK, 1969; LARSEN, 1980) and in the Caucasus (EFETOV, 2005).

SUBCHEV et al. (2004) reported that the sex pheromone of Th. ampellophaga applied at a dose of 100 μg on rubber septa has a useful field life at least 40 days, that is long enough for monitoring throughout one full flight period of the vine bud moth (in the regions where the species has only one generation) without the need for replacing dispensers. The lures tested during the current study were not replaced with fresh ones. EFETOV-2 attractant had longer activity in the field - at least three months which explained the catches of males of the target species only in a trap baited with EFETOV-2 (with high amount of the racemic mixture applied) in early September 2017. Previous studies showed that the sex attractant did not attract Th. ampellophaga when it was tested in the same vineyard with the active sex pheromone lures (Toshova, personal communication). Based on the longer duration of activity of EFETOV-2 lure we can hypothesize that it can remain active during the flight of the two generations of this species in regions where it is bivoltine. Additional studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Based on the results of this study, the vineyards with autochthon Albanian grape varieties Shesh i Bardhë (white) and Shesh i Zi (black) respectively in Panaja (Shesh i Bardhë and Shesh i Zi), Qafë Botë (Shesh i Zi) and Xarrë (Shesh i Bardhë and Riesling), resulted in catches of Th. ampellophaga.

These varieties are the most important ones for wine production in Albania as they have a high alcohol percentage, and in the vineyards with fewer fertilizers the quality of the wine is higher based to the sugar-acidity ratio (ZIGORI & ZIGORI, 2000). Meanwhile we had positive results in the vineyard in Apolloni with a grape variety - French hybrid (a crossing between V. vinifera and another Vitis species), which has a good resistance against grape phylloxera, fungus and other diseases and abiotic stresses, leading to the usage of a limited application of pesticides (BARRETT, 1956).

Conclusions

Th. ampellophaga has been recorded for the first time in Albania in three south-western municipalities: Fier (Apolloni), Vlorë (Panaja) and Konispol (Qafë Botë and Xarrë). The results showed low population density of the vine bud moth in these localities. The catches were registered at the end of June - beginning of July and at the beginning of September indicating the presence of two generations of this species in Albania.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the field support of all the owners of the vineyards where we placed the traps, which gave us important information. The first author is thankful to Gëzim Vrenozi, Beqir Nelaj, Fatmir Vrenozi and Spartak Rredhi for partial support during field trips, Faculty of Natural Sciences for partial financial support. We appreciate the support of Dr Joe Burman (Ecology Research Group, Canterbury Christ Church University, England) for editing the English text of this manuscript.

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Notas de autor

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