Introduction

The family of Gelechiidae consists of about 500 genera and more than 4600 species worldwide (Hodges, 1998), but this number is constantly increasing with the progress of taxonomic research. In Europe, 865 species are recorded ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2020), 359 of which were found in Italy (Huemer & Karsholt, 1995). However, the Italian fauna needs to be updated in the light of several new species which recently were described (e. g. Huemer & Karsholt, 2018; Timossi & Huemer, 2021, 2022; Huemer, 2022). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the European diversity for this family is largely underestimated ( Huemer et al. 2020).

The fauna of Gelechiidae of southern Italy is scarcely known as very few records are available ( Costa, 1863; Parenti, 2000; Scalercio et al. 2015; Baldizzone & Scalercio, 2018; Bonelli et al. 2021). For the Calabria and Basilicata regions only 36 species of Gelechiidae are known so far, most of them only having been recorded in very recent years. Before 2015, only four species were recorded, namely Teleiodes italicaHuemer, 1992 ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999), Caryocolum blandelloides Karsholt, 1981 ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2010), Aproaerema cinctella (Clerck, 1759) ( Costa, 1863) and Aroga velocella (Zeller, 1839) ( Parenti, 2000). In more recent years, Scalercio et al. (2015) listed two species from the Sila Mountains, Huemer & Karsholt (2018) listed Megacraspedus lanceolellus (Zeller, 1850), and Baldizzone & Scalercio (2018) raised the total number of species to 35 thanks to one week of investigations in the Aspromonte Massif. Bonelli et al. (2021) reported one more species for the Gioia Tauro Plain reaching a total of 36 species.

In this paper we provide new records for 39 species collected in the southernmost regions of peninsular Italy, some of which significantly enlarging their known distribution range.

Material and Methods

The study is based on 79 specimens belonging to 39 species of Gelechiidae recorded in Calabria and Basilicata. In Calabria, surveys were carried out using UV LED light traps ( Infusino et al. 2017), whilst in Basilicata several light sources and collecting methods were applied. Identification was performed using available iconography ( Parenti, 2000; Huemer & Karsholt, 1999, 2010), including World Wide Web sites ( mothdissection.co.uk; lepi-forum.org), and DNA barcoding according to the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding protocol ( https://ccdb.ca/site/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Instructions_Microplate-web.pdf). The BOLD Identification Engine was used to confirm morphological identifications on a molecular basis, to generate a Neighbor-joining tree for successfully barcoded specimens, and to evaluate similarity of sequences with those publicly available in BOLD. Intraspecific pairwise distance was evaluated for Calabrian specimens using the distance summary tool available among sequence analysis options available in BOLD Systems ( http://www.boldsystems.org/). Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) were also reported for the most interesting taxa. The BIN is the result of an online framework that clusters barcode sequences algorithmically. Since clusters show high concordance with species, this system can be used to verify species identifications as well as document diversity when taxonomic information is lacking ( http://www.boldsystems.org/). Genitalia dissection was performed using the “unrolling technique” as described by Pitkin (1986).

For each species we provided region, province, municipality, and collecting site, altitude above the sea level, geographical coordinates of collecting sites, date of collection, number of collected specimens, name/s of collector/s, microscope slide number (CREA-xxxx) and BOLD sample ID number (when applicable), hostplants known from literature, species distribution, and importance of the record. Nomenclature and order of species followed Huemer & Karsholt (2020).

Specimens from the following collections were examined: CREA-FL collection of the Research Centre for Forestry and Wood (Rende, Italy); ZSM (SNSB) Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (Munich, Germany); TLMF Tiroler Landesmuseen Ferdinandeum (Innsbruck, Austria).

Tribe Chelariini

Nothris congressariella (Bruand, 1858)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Piano dei Peri, 280 m, 39.99141N-15.79391E, 22-XI-2015 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 91156), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: larvae on Scrophularia scorodonia L. ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: Great Britain, Iberian Peninsula, France, Switzerland, Italy, Balkans, Greece. In Italy it is widespread across the whole territory including Sicily and Sardinia (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Nothris verbascella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Piano dei Peri, 280 m, 39.9911N, 15.7941E, 11-IX-2020 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 112099), A. Hausmann leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, Praia a Mare, 10 m, 39.89331N-15.78271E, 22-VIII-2021 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 114906), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: various species of the genus Verbascum ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: widespread across most parts of Europe. In Italy it has been recorded in the whole continental part, Sicily and Sardinia (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Subfamily Dichomeridinae

Dichomeris acuminatus (Staudinger, 1876) ( Figure 3)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Rende, Contrada Li Rocchi, 205 m, 39.36881N-16.22861E, 13-V-2014 (1 ex., microscope slide: CREA-0249), S. Scalercio leg., G. Timossi det. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: it is a leaf-roller parasite of Medicago sativa L. but lives also on Cajanus cajan L., Cyamopsis, Desmodium gyroides (Roxb.) DC., Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich., Sesbania sericea (Willd.) and Tephrosia ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: Iberian Peninsula, France, Corsica, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Malta, Albania, Greece and Cyprus ( Karsholt & Nieukerken, 2013). It is reported from Africa, Asia and Australia ( boldsystems.org). In Italy, its presence has been recorded across the whole territory ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Dichomeris alacella (Zeller, 1839) ( Figure 4)

Records: Calabria, Reggio Calabria, San Ferdinando, Porta Sole, 5 m, 38.49291N-15.91701E, 15-VII-2017 (1 ex., microscope slide: CREA-0251), D. Bonelli leg., G. Timossi det. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants : Cercis siliquastrum L. ( Bidzilya et al. 2019).

Distribution: it is known from most of Europe ( Karsholt & Nieukerken, 2013). In Italy it is widespread from the North to the South and in Sardinia (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Helcystogramma lamprostoma (Zeller, 1847)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Praia a Mare, 10 m, 39.89331N-15.78271E, 20-VIII-2019 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 109542), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: Convolvulus althaeoides L., Convolvulus arvensis L. ( Klimesch, 1984).

Distribution: Afro-tropical species found in most Mediterranean countries of Europe ( Ponomarenko, 2009). In Italy it is present in Sicily and Sardinia (Baldizzone et al. 1995). This is the first report for Italian mainland.

Brachmia blandella (Fabricius, 1798) ( Figure 5)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Orsomarso, Fiume Argentino, 160 m, 39.79491N - 15.93291E, 27-VIII-2014 (3 ex., one dissected (microscope slide: CREA-0244 in CREA-FL collection, G. Timossi det.) and one barcoded (BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 85078 in ZSM collection), S. Scalercio and A.

Results

S pecies list

Family Gelechiidae

Subfamily Anacampsinae

Tribe Anacampsini

Aproaerema cinctella (Clerck, 1759)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, San Giovanni in Fiore, Mangiatoie, 1275 m, 39.23911N-16.66251E, 05-VII-2016 (1 ex., dissected), S. Scalercio & M. Infusino leg., G. Timossi det. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: the larvae feed on various species of Fabaceae, in particular Genista and Lotus ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: widely distributed in Europe across Siberia ( Baldizzone et al. 2013). Its presence was reported from all over Italy, including Sicily (Baldizzone et al. 1995). It was only generically reported from Calabria ( Costa, 1863).

Aproaerema cinctelloides ( Nel & Varenne, 2012)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Piano dei Peri, 290 m, 39.99141N-15.79391E, 11-VIII-2021 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 115148), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: unknown.

Distribution: Its presence has been recorded for the first time in Corsica and then in Germany, France, Lower Austria, Balkans, Greece, and North Macedonia ( Segerer & Huemer, 2020). This is the first record for Italy.

Aproaerema anthyllidella (Hübner, [1813])

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Praia a Mare, 10 m, 39.89331N-15.78271E, 20-VII-2019 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 109551), 17-VI-2022, A. Hausmann leg. (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC_ZSM_Lep_115666); Calabria, Cosenza, Monte Pollino, 2000 m, 39.90121N-16.18111E, 09-VIII-2017 (2 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 101657, BC ZSM Lep 101655), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: various species of Fabaceae ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: widespread over most of Europe and Russia ( Karsholt & Nieukerken, 2013), and recorded also in Korea and Japan. Known from all the regions of Italy including Sicily and Sardinia (Baldizzone et al. 1995; Bella & Karshol, 2015).

Anacampsis timidella (Wocke, 1887) ( Figure 1)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Donnici, Fosso Cucolo, 550 m, 39.23731N-16.29741E, 23-VII-2013 (1 ex., microscope slide: CREA-0247), S. Scalercio leg., G. Timossi det. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: Quercus cerris L ., Q. pubescens Willd. ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: southern, southwestern, and eastern Europe, Near East, and Caucasus. In Italy it is known in the continental territory and in Sardinia (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Anacampsis scintillella (Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1842) ( Figure 2)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Monte Santa Maria, 1000 m, 40.00381N-15.76821E, 05-IX-2016 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 94654), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. and Teucrium chamaedrys L. ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: central and southern Europe. In Italy it was recorded in the continental part, in Sicily and Sardinia (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Hausmann leg.; idem, 160 m, 39.79461N-15.92341N, 22-VIII-2018 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 104340), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection); Calabria, Cosenza, Donnici, Fosso Cucolo, 550 m, 39. 23731N-16.29741E, 07-VIII-2013 (1 ex.), S. Scalercio leg. (CREA-FL collection); Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Piano dei Peri, 280 m, 39.99131N -15.79381E, 24-VIII-2014 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 85067), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: its biology is incompletely known but the larvae feed on Ulex europaeus L. ( Baldizzone et al. 2013) and other plants ( Elsner et al., 1999).

Distribution: widely distributed in Europe. In Italy it is known in the continental part and in Sicily ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Subfamily Thiotrichinae

Palumbina guerinii (Stainton, 1858) ( Figure 6)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Piano dei Peri, 280 m, 39.99141N-15.79391E, 22-XI-2015 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 91164), 11-III-2019 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 105168), A. Hausmann leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, Praia a Mare, 10 m, 39.89331N-17.78271E, 8-XI-2021 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 115103), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection); Calabria, Cosenza, Mendicino, 620 m, 39.25381N-16.18661E, 19-VIII-2013, S. Scalercio leg.; Calabria, Catanzaro, Soveria Simeri, Contrada Santa Cenere, 215 m, 38.92591N-16.67291E, 26-XI-2019 (1 ex.), S. Scalercio leg.; Calabria, Catanzaro, Marcellinara, Contrada Licari, 210 m, 38.91891N-16.49711E, 10-X-2018 (1 ex.), 12-XI-2018 (1 ex.), 4-XII-2018 (1 ex.), 05-III-2019 (1 ex.), S. Scalercio leg. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: various species of Pistacia ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: it is found in southern Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula, in the north to France, east to Italy and Greece ( Karsholt & Nieukerken, 2013). Generally reported throughout Italy (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Subfamily Anomologinae

Bryotropha italicaKarsholt & Rutten, 2005 ( Figure 7)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Monte Santa Maria, 1000 m, 40.00381N - 15.76821E, 05-IX-2016 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 59328), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: unknown.

Distribution: the species is known only from Italy and was described based on specimens collected by G. Baldizzone and G. Bassi on Mount Pollino (Calabrian and Lucanian slopes), but it is present in Sila mountains as well ( Baldizzone & Scalercio, 2018) and Abruzzo ( Karsholt & Rutten, 2005).

Bryotropha affinis (Haworth, 1828)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Piano dei Peri, 290 m, 39.99141N-15.79391E, 11-VIII-2021 (2 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 115150, BC ZSM Lep 115143), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection)

Host plants: larvae feed on mosses ( Schütze, 1931).

Distribution: it is found in most parts of Europe and Israel. In Italy it is widespread across the whole territory, Sicily, and Sardinia ( Karsholt & Nieukerken, 2013).

Bryotropha terrella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1765)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, 3 km E Lagonegro, 1065 m, 40.11921N-15.80181E, 09-VIII-2019 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 109590), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: larvae on mosses and grasses ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: widespread across Europe, also present in northern Africa and Asia Minor. In Italy it is recorded in the entire territory, Sicily and Sardinia included (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Ptocheuusa paupella (Zeller, 1847)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Orsomarso, Fiume Argentino, 140 m, 39.79461N-15.92341E, 22-VIII-2018 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 104343), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: Inula conyzae (Griess.) Meikle , I. montana L. , Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. ( Baldizzone et al. 2013; Bella & Karsholt, 2015).

Distribution: Great Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, Italy, France, Iberian Peninsula, Croatia, Macedonia, Greece. In Italy apparently widespread across all regions, including Sicily and Sardinia ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Monochroa cytisella (Curtis, 1837)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Lagonegro 3 km E, 1065 m, 40.1191N-15.8021E, 27-VII-2020 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM LEP 111823), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants : larvae on Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: it is found in most parts of Europe and throughout the Palearctic region. In Italy it is present in the mainland, Sicily and Sardinia (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Oxypteryx immaculatella (Douglas, 1850)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Piano dei Peri, 280 m, 39.99141N-15.79391E, 31-III-2017 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 97924), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: unknown. Heckford & Langmaid (1988) suggested Hypericum pulchrum L. as foodplant.

Distribution: Balearic Islands, Great Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Netherlands ( Karsholt & Nieukerken, 2013), Greece ( boldsystems.org), and Sardinia ( Huemer et al. 2020). New for the Italian mainland.

Subfamily Gelechiinae

Tribe Gelechiini

Mirificarma maculatella (Hübner, 1796) ( Figure 8)

Records: Calabria, Catanzaro, Marcellinara, Contrada Licari, 210 m, 38.91891N-16.49711E, 10-VI-2019 (1 ex., BOLD ID: LEP-SS-01195), S. Scalercio leg. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: Coronilla emerus L., C. varia (L.) Lassen. ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: parts of Central and Southern Europe, from France to Ukraine and Turkey ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999), and the Near East ( Baldizzone et al. 2013). In Italy it was known only in the northern regions (Baldizzone et al. 1995) but was reported also for Latium ( Pinzari et al. 2010). This is the first report for southern Italy.

Mirificarma flavella (Duponchel, 1844) ( Figure 9)

Records: Calabria, Catanzaro, Marcellinara, Contrada Licari, 210 m, 38.91891N-16.49711E, 10-VI-2019 (2 ex., BOLD ID: LEP-SS-01204, LEP-SS-01203), S. Scalercio leg. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plant: larvae on Trifolium pratense L. and other species of this genus ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999) and Lotus corniculatus L. ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999).

Distribution: southern parts of Europe including Mediterranean islands; Turkey and North Africa ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999). Generically reported throughout Italy (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Mirificarma cytisella (Treitschke, 1835) ( Figure 10)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Aprigliano, Quaresima, 1310 m, 39.21331N-16.45191E, 18-V-2015 (2 ex.), S. Scalercio & M. Infusino leg.; Calabria, Vibo Valentia, Serra San Bruno, Il Palmento, 840 m, 38.56251N-16.31401E, 26-V-2015 (1 ex.), S. Scalercio & M. Infusino leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, Saracena, Serrapaolo, 990 m, 38.82251N-16.09111E, 20-V-2015 (1 ex.), S. Scalercio & M. Infusino leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, Longobucco, Vivaio Sbanditi, 1350 m, 39.38881N-16.60221E, 26-VII-2014 (1 ex., BOLD ID: LEP-SS-01206), S. Scalercio leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, San Giovanni in Fiore, Mangiatoie, 1275 m, 39.23911N-16.66251E, 07-VI-2016 (1 ex., BOLD ID: LEP-SS-01205), S. Scalercio & M. Infusino leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, Spezzano della Sila, Serra Cannile, 1435 m, 39.3468EN-16.4093EE, 12-VI-2018 (1 ex., microscope slide: CREA-0254), S. Scalercio leg., G. Timossi det. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: larvae feed on various species of Genista and on Ononis spinosa L. ( Baldizzone et al. 2013).

Distribution: central and southern Europe from Portugal to Ural Mountains. In Italy it was known only from the northern regions (Baldizzone et al. 1995) but it was recently reported also for Latium ( Pinzari et al. 2010). Already reported in Calabria for the Sila Massif ( Scalercio et al. 2015), we collected this species also in the Pollino and Serre Mountains.

Mirificarma eburnella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) ( Figure 11)

Records: Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Palizzi Marina, 3 m, 37.91931N-16.0061E, 15-V-2015 (2 ex., BOLD ID: LEP-SS-01197, LEP-SS-01201), S. Urso leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, Montalto Uffugo, Vallone Argentino, 545 m, 39.40961N-16.12501E, 01-VI-2016 (1 ex., BOLD ID: LEP-SS-01198), S. Scalercio & M. Infusino leg.; Calabria, Catanzaro, Marcellinara, Contrada Licari, 210 m, 38.91891N-16.49711E, 10-VI-2019 (2 ex, one barcoded, BOLD ID: LEP-SS-01202), 02-V-2019 (1 ex., BOLD ID: LEP-SS-01199), S. Scalercio leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, Rende, Contrada Li Rocchi, 205 m, 39.36881N-16.22861E, 14-V-2014 (2 ex., one barcoded, BOLD ID: LEP-SS-01200), S. Scalercio leg. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: Medicago sativa L., M. lupulina L., Hippocrepis comosa L. ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999), Mendicago polymorpha L., Trifolium repens L., T. hirtum All. ( Pitkin, 1984).

Distribution: Europe except for the northern parts; Turkey, Middle East, North Africa and California (presumably introduced) ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999). In Italy it is widespread throughout the territory, including Sicily and Sardinia (Baldizzone et al. 1995; Bella & Karsholt, 2015).

Mirificarma mulinella (Zeller, 1839) ( Figure 12)

Records: Calabria, Catanzaro, Sellia, Campanelle, 506 m, 38.98591N-16.61981E, 01-X-2019 (1 ex., BOLD ID: LEP-SS-01207), S. Scalercio leg. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: the larva feeds on various species of Genista ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999).

Distribution: widespread across Europe, including southern parts of Scandinavia and Eastern parts of the Mediterranean, including Greece, Crete and Cyprus, and North Africa ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999). Generically reported throughout Italy (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Aroga velocella (Zeller, 1839)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Longobucco, Lago Cecita, 1170 m, 39.38651N-16.5521E, 13-VIII-2014 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 85004), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: Rumex acetosella L. ( Bradford & Sokoloff, 1988).

Distribution: widely distributed throughout Europe to Turkey ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2010). In Italy it was recorded only in the north. In Calabria recorded only in the Aspromonte Massif, so far ( Parenti, 2000; Baldizzone & Scalercio, 2015).

Aroga pascuicola (Staudinger, 1871) ( Figures 13, 22)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, San Giovanni in Fiore, Mangiatoie, 1270 m, 39.23791N-16.66471E, 11-V-2016 (1 ex., microscope slide: CREA-0248), S. Scalercio & M. Infusino leg., G. Timossi det. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: host plant and early stages unknown ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2010).

Distribution: it was found in Portugal, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, South European Russia ( Karsholt & Nieukerken, 2013), and North Africa ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2010). New for Italian mainland.

Chionodes distinctella (Zeller, 1839) ( Figure 14)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Lagonegro, Monte Sirino, 1800 m, 40.13711N-15.81751E, 28-VIII-2017 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 101666), A. Hausmann leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, Castrovillari, Monte Pollino, 2000 m, 39.90121N-16.18111E, 09-VIII-2017 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 101645), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: various authors suggest that the larvae may feed on moss, but Genista and Artemisia campestris L. have also been published ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999).

Distribution: almost all parts of Europe, except Iceland, Croatia ( Karsholt & Nieukerken, 2013) and Arctic Fennoscandia. It is also present in North Africa and from Turkey to Mongolia ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999). Generally reported throughout Italy (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Tribe Gnorimoschemini

Scrobipalpa acuminatella (Sircom, 1850) ( Figure 15)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Spezzano della Sila, Vallone Tasso, 1402 m, 39.3328EN-16.4142EE, 06-VIII-2018 (1 ex., microscope slide: CREA-0252), S. Scalercio leg., G. Timossi det. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: several species of Cirsium, Carduus nutans L., Serratula tinctoria L., Centaurea scabiosa L. and C. jacea L. ( Schütze, 1931).

Distribution: widespread across Europe, Turkey, southern Siberia, Central Asia ( Junnilainen et al. 2010) and China ( Bidzilya & Li, 2010). It was reported also for Canada ( Landry et al. 2013). In Italy its presence is reported above all for the north, Abruzzo, and Sicily (Baldizzone et al. 1995). This is the first record for southern Italy.

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) ( Figure 16)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Orsomarso, Fiume Argentino, 140 m, 39.79461N-15.92341E, 22-VIII-2018 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 104338), A. Hausmann leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, Praia a Mare, 10 m, 39.89331N-15.78271E, 20-VIII-2019 (2 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 109549, BC ZSM Lep 109543), 8-XI-2021 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 114902), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: various species in the Solanaceae family, but the larva feeds voraciously especially on tomato Solanum lycopersicum L., which is the main host plant.

Distribution: native to South America, the species is spreading rapidly in Europe, where it was first reported in Spain, then in France, Italy, Malta, Greece, and Turkey, and in northern Africa. Reported from various regions of tropical Africa and India ( Baldizzone & Scalercio, 2018). In Italy it is widespread as a pest of tomato, also known from Calabria ( Sannino & Espinosa, 2010).

Cosmardia moritzella (Treitschke, 1835) ( Figure 17)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Spezzano Sila, Serra Cannile, 1426 m, 39.34691N-16.40861E, 16-VII-2018 (1 ex., microscope slide: CREA-0245), S. Scalercio leg., G. Timossi det.; Calabria, Cosenza, Spezzano Sila, Serra Cannile, 1433 m, 39.34641N-16.40901E, 15-IV-2018 (1 ex.), S. Scalercio leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, Spezzano della Sila, Fago del Soldato, 1399 m, 39.35641N-16.40841E, 15-IV-2018 (1 ex.), S. Scalercio leg.; Calabria, Cosenza, Spezzano della Sila, Montagna Grande, 1315 m, 39.28121N-16.61501E, 27-IV-2022 (1 ex.), S. Scalercio and C. Di Marco leg. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: several species of Silene ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2010).

Distribution: found in most parts of Europe, very rare in Mediterranean countries. Outside Europe found in western and southern Siberia ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2010). In Italy only recorded in the north (Baldizzone et al. 1995). First Italian records outside the Alps.

Caryocolum tischeriella (Zeller, 1839) ( Figure 18)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Spezzano della Sila, Lago Ariamacina, 1316 m, 39.34341N-16.54351E, 25-VIII-2016 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 94680), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: Silene nutans L. (Schmid, 1887).

Distribution: widely distributed in Europe, except for the British Isles, the far north and parts of the Mediterranean ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999). In Italy recorded in the north (Baldizzone et al. 1995), in Latium ( Pinzari et al. 2010) and Sicily ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2010). This is the first record for southern Italy.

Caryocolum leucomelanella (Zeller, 1839) ( Figure 19)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Longobucco, Vivaio Sbanditi, 1350 m, 39.38891N-16.60221E, 13-VIII-2014 (1 ex., microscope slide: CREA-0255), S. Scalercio leg., G. Timossi det. (CREA-FL collection); Calabria, Cosenza, Spezzano della Sila, Croce di Magara, 1390 m, 39.32231N-16.47491E, 01-IX-2015 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 91913), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: several species of Dianthus and Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2010).

Distribution: Central and southern parts of Europe, absent from the north-west and north. In Italy, its presence has been recorded in Sicily and Abruzzo ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2010) and it is most widespread in the north (South Tyrol in particular) ( Huemer & Hebert, 2016). These are the first reports for southern Italy.

Caryocolum proxima (Haworth, 1828)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Longobucco, Lago Cecita, 1179 m, 39.38651N-16.5521E, 13-VIII-2014 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 85006), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection); Calabria, Cosenza, San Benedetto Ullano, Purgatorio, 880 m, 39.39391N-16.10241E, 27-VII-2016 (1 ex., microscope slide: CREA-0250), S. Scalercio leg., G. Timossi det. (CREA-FL collection).

Host plants: Stellaria media (L.) Vill (Karsholt, 1981) and Cerastium fontanum Baumg. (Bradford, 1979).

Distribution: widely distributed in Europe except for the northernmost parts. In Italy its presence has been recorded in the north (Baldizzone et al. 1995) and in Sicily ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2010).

Caryocolum herwigvanstaaiHuemer, 2022 ( Figure 20)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Castrovillari, Monte Pollino, 2000 m, 39.90121N-16.18111E, 09-VIII-2017 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 101656), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: unknown.

Distribution: species recently described as endemic from Italy ( Huemer, 2022), previously reported as C. fibigerium Huemer, 1988 from southern Italy and doubtfully from Sicily (Baldizzone et al. 1995). Confirmed records only from Latium and Abruzzo ( Huemer et al. 2014). New to southern Italy.

Tribe Litini

Teleiodes italicaHuemer, 1992 ( Figure 21)

Records: Calabria, Cosenza, Saracena, Serrapaolo, 1010 m, 39.82251N-16.08831E, 19-VI-2015 (1 ex., microscope slide: CREA-0243), S. Scalercio & M. Infusino leg., G. Timossi det. (CREA-FL collection); Basilicata, Monte Pollino, Timpa del Demonio, 12-VII-1991, Baldizzone leg. (ZMUC) ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999).

Host plants : Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. , Cydonia oblonga Mill. ( Huemer, 1992), Sorbus aucuparia L. ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999).

Distribution: widespread across the Mediterranean area, in particular Italy, southernmost Switzerland (Ticino), Spain ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999), France ( Karsholt & Nieukerken, 2013) and Portugal ( Corley et al. 2015). In Italy its presence has been recorded only for the north, in particular southern Alps ( Huemer, 1992), and Latium ( Pinzari et al. 2010).

Neotelphusa cisti (Stainton 1869)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Piano dei Peri, 290 m, 39.9911N-15.7941E, 11-VIII-2021 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 115146), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: Cistus salvifolius L., C. albidus L, C. monspeliensis L., and Halimium alyssoides (Lam.) C. Koch ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999).

Distribution: Mediterranean parts of Europe, from Portugal to Greece but also Turkey and Canary Islands ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999). In Italy it has been recorded on the mainland and in Sicily.

Neotelphusa sequax (Haworth, 1828)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, 1.7 km N Madonna del Sirino, 1800 m, 40.13711N-15.81751E, 28-VIII-2017 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 101671), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. and other species of the genus, Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop. and Thymus ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999).

Distribution: it is found in most parts of Europe, and it is widely distributed in the western Palearctic region, being mentioned also from North America ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999). In Italy its presence has been recorded throughout the mainland.

Carpatolechia decorella (Haworth, 1812)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Piano dei Peri, 280 m, 39.99141N-15.79391E, 22-XI-2015 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 91160), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants : Abies alba Mill., various species of Quercus and Pistacia, Cornus mas L. and Swida sanguinea (L.) Opiz ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999).

Distribution: widely distributed throughout Europe. Also recorded from North Africa, the Canary Islands, Turkey, Middle East to Kazakhstan ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999). In Italy reported from the whole territory (Baldizzone et al. 1995).

Xenolechia aethiops (Humphreys & Westwood, 1845)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Trecchina, Piano dei Peri, 280 m, 39.99141N-15.79391E, 11-III-2019 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 105174), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: leaf-miner of Erica cinerea L. and other species of the genus ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999).

Distribution: many European countries from Spain to Russia, in north-western Europe to the Orkney Islands, absent from Scandinavia and north-eastern Europe. Also recorded from North Africa, Turkey, Palearctic Asia, and North America ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999). In Italy it has been recorded from the north, south and Sardinia.

Recurvaria leucatella (Clerck, 1759)

Records: Basilicata, Potenza, Lagonegro 3 km E, 1065 m, 40.11921N-15.80181E, 09-VIII-2019 (1 ex., BOLD ID: BC ZSM Lep 109588), A. Hausmann leg. (ZSM collection).

Host plants: Amalanchier ovalis Med., various species of the genera Crataegus, Malus, Prunus and Sorbus, but also Betula, Acer and Fraxinus ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999).

Distribution: Present in most European countries, and across Turkey to Central Asia ( Huemer & Karsholt, 1999). In Italy its presence has been reported in the mainland, Sicily and Sardinia.

DNA Barcoding analysis

Barcoded specimens allowed us to investigate the diversification of mitochondrial lineages of South Italian populations. Whilst most specimens show a perfect match or a pairwise distance lower than 1% from other European samples, Mirificarma cytisella and M. eburnella are more strongly divergent ( Table 1). The barcode sequence of the Calabrian M. cytisella belongs to a supposedly endemic Barcode Index Number (BIN), which is even different from an additional BIN including Piedmont region samples ( Figure 23). It is a genetically variable species, separated into five BINs, many of them without clear geographic separation. In fact, two BINs appear to be sympatric in Bavaria, two in Austria and two in Italy ( Figure 23). M. eburnella shows two BINs in Calabria, one shared with Austrian, Greek and Montenegrian specimens, the other one appears to be endemic ( Figure 24). Therefore, for Mirificarma species, this mitochondrial variation seems to be linked to an intraspecific genetic diversity.

Discussion and conclusions

Although we listed a relatively low number of species compared to those known in Italy, the number of faunistic novelties is very high, as expected due to the scarce investigation of Microlepidoptera in South Italian regions. In detail, Aproaerema cinctelloides is new for the Italian fauna, Aroga pascuicola, Helcystogramma lamprostoma and Oxypteryx immaculatella are new for continental Italy, Cosmardia moritzella is recorded for the first time in Italy outside the Alps, six species are new for the fauna of southern Italy ( Mirificarma maculatella, Scrobipalpa acuminatella, Caryocolum tischeriella, C. herwigvanstaai, C. leucomelanella, Teleiodes italica, Carpatolechia decorella), and 24 species are new for the regional fauna lists of Calabria and Basilicata.

Aproaerema cinctelloides was described from Corsica ( Nel & Varenne, 2012), where it was separated from the similar A. cinctella on morphological bases. It has initially been supposed to be an endemic of Corsica, but subsequently was reported in other European countries ( Segerer & Huemer, 2020). Although it has not been reported from Italy so far, it is likely that its presence in Italy was underestimated. As noticed by Segerer & Huemer (2020), specimens collected at hot, dry locations should be thoroughly checked for their identity. In fact, the South Italian record is consistent with this expectation.

In Italy, only two documented reports are available for Cosmardia moritzella from central-eastern Alps (South Tyrol, Trentino-Alto Adige), at an altitude of 1250 m ( Huemer & Hebert, 2016; Huemer et al. 2020). Although it is common in the Sila mountains, it seems to be absent from northern and central Apennines. We compared the male genitalia of a specimen from the Sila with the available iconography ( Huemer & Karsholt, 2010, plate 14, figure 140) and with those of a specimen from northern Italy (unpublished data; Veneto, Belluno, Monte Vette, Rifugio Dal Piaz 1998 m, 10-VII-2017) which was the southernmost finding known in Italy. There are no morphological differences in habitus and genitalia. The great geographic distance between Alpine and Calabrian populations suggests performing further research including DNA barcode analysis for assessing a possible genetic divergence.

Aroga pascuicola is poorly documented in Europe, where it is only found in Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Sardinia, and South European Russia ( Karsholt & Nieukerken, 2013). In Italy it is only known from one Sardinian locality, Monte Iscudu ( Huemer et al. 2020). This is the first record from Italian mainland. We collected one specimen in May, supporting the bivoltinism supposed in Huemer & Karsholt (1999).

Oxypteryx immaculatella is documented from Central-West Europe and Greece and was recorded only recently for Italy in Sardinia, Monte Albo ( Huemer et al. 2020). This is the first record from Italian mainland. The specimen was collected in a dry habitat with sparse Mediterranean shrubs, where congeneric species of the supposed host plant Hypericum pulchrum are present.

The European distribution of Helcystogramma lamprostoma is limited to Mediterranean countries. In Italy it has been reported only from Sicily and Sardinia, the Calabrian finding constituting the easternmost record of continental Europe. The Mediterranean character of the species is confirmed also by the occurrence of the species near to the coastal line.

DNA barcoding analysis showed the presence of endemic BINs for some species, deserving further taxonomic studies.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support of NBFC to CREA, Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, PNRR, Missione 4 Componente 2, “Dalla ricerca all’impresa”, Investimento 1.4, Project CN00000033. We kindly thank the Sila National Park, the Pollino National Park, and the Serre Regional Natural Park for the collecting permits.

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Author notes

*Autor para la correspondencia / Corresponding author