Introduction

The Pyraloidea, comprising the families Crambidae and Pyralidae, is the third-largest superfamily of the order Lepidoptera. With over 16.300 described species they represent one of the most diverse lineages of Lepidoptera (NUSS et al., 2003-2020). According to LÉGER et al. (2021), the family Crambidae currently includes 10.347 described species and the family Pyralidae 6.032 species worldwide. About 850 species of Pyraloidea can be found in Europe (KARSHOLT & RAZOWSKI, 1996) out of which 396 are present in the fauna of Croatia, 218 taxa from the family Crambidae and 178 from the family Pyralidae (GUMHALTER, 2021). This represents about 47% of the overall European Pyraloidea fauna.

According to LÉGER et al. (2021), Pyraloidea exhibit an unprecedented spectrum of ecological adaptations in larval life habits, including adaptations to freshwater habitats (Acentropinae) or extreme dry environments such as deserts (some Phycitinae). The larval food spectrum ranges from detritus, lichens and mosses over lycopods and ferns to conifers and mono- and eudicotyledonous plants. Some larvae are scavengers, feeding on stored products and causing economic damage.

Due to its geographic position through three biogeographic zones, Croatia has a great biological diversity (Fig.1). Between the Mediterranean and Eurosibirian-Northamerican biogeographic zone, lies the mountainous karst area of Central Croatia. Some parts of it belong to the Croatian part of the European “Alpine biogeographical region” (EEA, 2012) and present a broad transitional zone of Continental and Mediterranean faunal elements (TVRTKOVIĆ et al., 2015).

Although the Croatian Pyraloidea fauna is very diverse if compared to the neighbouring countries Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Slovenia (GUMHALTER, 2020), not all Croatian regions have been equally studied in the past.

According to GUMHALTER (2019a), the best-studied part of Croatia is the coast (Mediterranean biogeographic region), with 95% of all recorded Pyraloidea species occurring. Altogether 49% of all Pyraloidea species from Croatia have been recorded in the Continental and only 31% in the Mountainous biogeographic region.

In this paper, new data on the distribution of species previously only recorded historically within the specified region of Croatia are presented. Altogether 15 species were recorded for the first time in recent investigations from the specified certain region. Three species were recorded for the first time from the regions of Continental and Mountainous Croatia. Many records represent the first ones after many decades, sometimes after more than 120 or even 150 years from that specific region. Besides, four species were recorded for the first time from Croatia after 120 and 70 years, and nine species after almost two decades.

Material and methods

This study is based completely on the material deposited in the author’s private collection of Lepidoptera. The specimens were collected over a period of six years as adult moths by light trapping or at day with a net. The majority of the specimens were collected around the Velebit area, the largest mountain range in Croatia located in the least-studied region of the country, or lesser-studied areas of Continental Croatia, with other material collected in Dalmatia, the southernmost and best-studied region of Croatia.

Identification of all species based on wing pattern was conducted according to SLAMKA (2006, 2008, 2013, 2019). Dissections of genitalia were performed where necessary, by the standard procedure of maceration of abdomens in potassium hydroxide. The genitalia slides are deposited together with the specimens in the author’s private collection (coll. Gumhalter).

The systematic presentation follows Fauna Europaea (NUSS et al., 2003-2020).

Results and discussion

List of species

PYRALOIDEA

PYRALIDAE

Phycitinae

Genus Acrobasis Zeller, 1839

Acrobasis legatea (Haworth, 1811)

Material examined: Dalmatia, island Brač, Nerežišća, 355 m.a.s.l., 43º20’01.1”N 16º34’33.5”E, 1 ♀, 31-VIII-2016, D. Gumhalter leg.; Dalmatia, Mount Biokovo, Sveti Jure, 1700 m.a.s.l., 43º20’21.0”N 17º3’14.3”E, 1 ♂, 20-VIII-2019, D. Gumhalter leg.

Distribution: Following KARSHOLT & RAZOWSKI (1996), the species is distributed throughout the Mediterranean and some parts of Europe.

Remarks: The newest records of A. legatea from Croatia are from the island Krk (HABELER, 2003). The last records from Dalmatia originate from 1921 (SCHAWERDA, 1921) so these findings are the first ones for that region after 100 years (Fig. 2).

Genus Ancylosis Zeller, 1839

Ancylosis cinnamomella (Duponchel, 1836)

Material examined: Dalmatia, Mount Biokovo, 550 m.a.s.l., 43º15’35.8”N 17º05’24.7”E, 1 ♂, 27- VIII-2019, D. Gumhalter leg.

Distribution: According to the Lepiforum website (www.lepiforum.org), the species is distributed in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Montenegro, Spain and Ukraine.

Remarks: There are many old records from Croatia, all from the coastal region. The newest records originate from the island of Krk (HABELER, 2003). The last records from the mountains originate from 1896 (ABAFI-AIGNER et al., 1896) and Dalmatia from 1942 (KLIMESCH, 1942). Therefore, this record represents the first one from the Croatian mountains in more than 120 years and Dalmatia in almost 70 years (Fig. 3).

Genus Selagia Hübner, [1825]

Selagia argyrella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)

Material examined: Velebit area, Lika, Grabovaga, 670 m.a.s.l., 44º38’33.6”N 15º21’46.6”E, 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, 23-VIII-2016, D. Gumhalter leg.

Distribution: According to SLAMKA (2019), the species is widespread in Europe, excluding Ireland and the majority of the Mediterranean islands. It was recently recorded as a migrant from Sweden. Eastwards it is distributed to Russia and Central Asia.

Remarks: As the last records from the Croatian Mountainous area originate from the end of the 19^th century (MANN, 1867; ABAFI-AIGNER et al., 1896), these records represent the first ones after more than 120 years for that geographic region. Since the species was not recorded after that, these findings also represent the first ones from Croatia after more than 120 years (Fig. 4).

CRAMBIDAE

Crambinae

Genus Agriphila Hübner, [1825]

Agriphila latistria (Haworth, 1811)

Material examined: Dalmatia, island Brag, Vidova gora, 700 m.a.s.l., 43º17’37.1”N 16º37’26.6”E, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 27-VIII-2016, D. Gumhalter leg.

Distribution: According to SLAMKA (2008), the species is distributed in West and South Europe, southern Norway, southern Sweden but data from Hungary are doubtful. It is also distributed in Algeria, Asia Minor, and Iraq.

Remarks: The species is mentioned for Croatia only in historical literature: WOCKE (1871), REBEL (1891, 1914), ABAFI-AIGNER (1903) and KLIMESCH (1942). Both SLAMKA (2008) and PLANT & JAKŠIĆ (2018) cite the same sources. As the last record from Croatia originates from Dalmatia 1942 (KLIMESCH, 1942), the present findings represent the first records in almost 70 years for both, Croatia and Dalmatia.

Genus Chrysocrambus Bleszynski, 1957

Chrysocrambus cassentiniellus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)

Material examined: Continental Croatia, Zagreb, Jarun, 119 m.a.s.l., 45º46’38.6”N 15º55’04.5”E, 1 ♂, 30-V-2016, D. Gumhalter leg.; Continental Croatia, Zagreb, Jarun, 119 m.a.s.l., 45º46’38.6”N 15º55’04.5”E, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 24-VI-2016, D. Gumhalter leg., gen. prep. 17, 18, 19-2021 D. Gumhalter.

Distribution: According to SLAMKA (2008), the species is distributed in South Europe, the South-Eastern part of Central Europe, Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Syria, Jordan, Iran and Central Asia.

Remarks: There are several old records of C. cassentiniellus from the mountains and the coast, the newest one being from Dalmatia from 1956 (NEUSTETTER, 1956). As there are no records at all from the Continental part, these findings represent the first ones from that geographic region and for Croatia after more than 70 years.

Genus Chrysoteuchia Hübner, [1825]

Chrysoteuchia culmella (Linnaeus, 1758)

Material examined: Velebit area, Bojinac, 663 m.a.s.l., 44º20’57.0”N 15º25’56.1”E, 1 ♂, 28-V2016, D. Gumhalter leg.

Distribution: According to SLAMKA (2008), the species is widely distributed from Europe to Japan.

Remarks: The species was reported from Croatia many times in historical literature. The newest records originate from the island of Krk (HABELER, 2003) and Continental Croatia (KRČMAR, 2014; KOREN, 2018). The last records from the Mountainous region are from the end of the 19^th century (MANN, 1867; ABAFI-AIGNER et al., 1896) so this finding represents the first one after more than 120 years.

Genus Crambus Fabricius, 1798

Crambus pascuellus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Material examined: Dalmatia, island Brač, Nerežisća, 355 m.a.s.l., 43º20’01.1”N 16º34’33.5”E, 1 ♂, 31-VIII-2016, D. Gumhalter leg.; Continental Croatia, Zagreb, Jarun, 119 m.a.s.l., 45º46’38.6”N 15º55’04.5”E, 1 ♂ , 1 ♀, 09-VI-2019, D. Gumhalter leg., gen. prep. 24, 25-2021 D. Gumhalter.

Distribution: The species is widely distributed in Europe, also known from Iceland, as well as from Japan and North America (SLAMKA, 2008).

Remarks: There is only one recent Croatian record of C. pascuellus, which originates from the island of Krk (HABELER, 2003). As the last record from Continental Croatia originates from the year 1925 (KOČA, 1925) and Dalmatia from 1942 (KLIMESCH, 1942), these findings represent the first records from Continental Croatia in almost 100 years and Dalmatia in almost 70 years.

Genus Pediasia Hübner, [1825]

Pediasia luteella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)

Material examined: Velebit area, Lika, Smiljan, 559 m.a.s.l., 44º33’55.1”N 15º18’52.1”E, 1 ♂, 24- VIII-2016, D. Gumhalter leg., gen. prep. 15-2021 D. Gumhalter.

Distribution: SLAMKA (2008) states that the species is distributed in Europe, excluding the northern parts; it is evidently absent from Spain, Great Britain, Ireland, The Netherlands and Denmark. It is also present in Asia Minor, south Kazakhstan, Central Asia, southern Siberia and Mongolia.

Remarks: The last Croatian records of this species are from HABELER (2003) from the island of Krk. Besides these, only historical records exist, mainly from the coast. The only records from the mountainous region are from 1867 (MANN, 1867) and 1896 (ABAFI-AIGNER et al., 1896). This finding is the first one from this geographic region of Croatia in more than 120 years.

Genus Platytes Guenée, 1845

Platytes cerussella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)

Material examined: Continental Croatia, Zagreb, Jarun, 119 m.a.s.l., 45º46’38.6”N 15º55’04.5”E, 4 ♂♂, 11-VIII-2016, D. Gumhalter leg.; Continental Croatia, Zagreb, Cmrok, 211 m.a.s.l., 45º50’00.3”N 15º58’29.9”E, 1 0, 09-VI-2019, D. Gumhalter leg.

Distribution: SLAMKA (2008) states that the species is distributed in Europe, excluding the northern parts. P. cerusella is also present in Turkey, Armenia and south Siberia.

Remarks: The last Croatian records are from HABELER (2003) from the island of Krk. Besides these, only old records persist, the last one being from Dalmatia from 1921 (SCHAWERDA, 1921) and the mountainous region from 1867 (MANN, 1867). Until now, the species was not reported from Continental Croatia.

Evergestinae

Genus Evergestis Hübner, [1825]

Evergestis politalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)

Material examined: Continental Croatia, Zagreb, Jarun, 119 m.a.s.l, 45º46’38.6”N 15º55’04.5”E, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 30-V-2016, D. Gumhalter leg.

Distribution: Following the Lepiforum website, the species was reported from Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, France and Romania.

Remarks: There are no newer records from Continental Croatia since 1904 (REBEL, 1904), so these findings represent the first ones after almost 120 years. The last record from Croatia is from 1942 (KLIMESCH, 1942) and so these findings also represent the first ones in almost 70 years for that region and Croatia overall.

Pyraustinae

Genus Anania Hübner, [1823]

Anania coronata (Hufnagel, 1767)

Material examined: Velebit area, Lika, Ličko Cerje, 565 m.a.s.l., 44º21’00.2”N 15º41’18.1”E, 1 ♂, 07-IX-2016, D. Gumhalter leg., gen. prep. 26-2021 D. Gumhalter.

Distribution: According to SLAMKA (2013), it is widespread in Europe.

Remarks: Although the species was reported throughout recent surveys from Continental and Mediterranean Croatia (KOREN et al., 2015; KOREN, 2018; GUMHALTER, 2019a), this record from the Velebit area represents the first one from the Croatian Mountainous region since the end of the 19^th century (MANN, 1867; REBEL, 1895; ABAFI-AIGNER et al., 1896).

Anania stachydalis (Germar, 1821)

Material examined: Velebit area, Lika, Ličko Cerje, 565 m.a.s.l., 44º21’00.2”N 15º41’18.1”E, 1 ♂, 07-IX-2016, D. Gumhalter leg., gen. prep. 23-2021 D. Gumhalter.

Distribution: According to SLAMKA (2013), it is distributed in Europe, except in the North.

Remarks: Although the species was reported throughout recent surveys from Continental and Mediterranean Croatia (HABELER, 2005; KOREN et al., 2015; KOREN, 2018), this record represents the first one from the Croatian Mountainous region. Following SLAMKA (2013), A. stachydalis is a local species (SLAMKA, 2013) so it is possible that it is also local in Croatia. Further reports from Croatia would contribute to the knowledge of its distribution in that country.

Spilomelinae

Genus Diasemia Hübner, [1825]

Diasemia reticularis (Linnaeus, 1761)

Material examined: Velebit area, Lika, Grabovača, 670 m.a.s.l., 44º38’33.6”N 15º21’46.6”E, 2 ♂♂, 23-VIII-2016, D. Gumhalter leg.

Distribution: According to SLAMKA (2013), it is distributed in Europe, in Britain it is recorded as a scarce migrant in the South. Elsewhere, it is recorded in Turkey, Georgia, Central Asia, South Siberia, China, India, Amur, Primorye, Kuriles and Japan.

Remarks: Although it is not a rare species, it was not recorded many times in recent investigations. The newest records originate from Continental Croatia (KOREN, 2018) and island Krk (HABELER, 2003), but from the mountains, there are no records after 1867 (Mann). In addition, the last findings from Dalmatia are from the year 1921 (SCHAWERDA, 1921). Therefore, these findings represent the first ones from the mountains in more than 150 years and from Dalmatia after almost 100 years.

Genus Antigastra Lederer, 1863

Antigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel, 1833)

Material examined: Dalmatia, island Brač, Sutivan, 10 m.a.s.l., 43º23’11.8”N 16º28’03.7”E, 1 ♂, 01-IX-2018, D. Gumhalter leg.; Dalmatia, Mount Biokovo, Gornja Podgora, 270 m.a.s.l., 43º14’21.4”N 17º05’21.4”E, 1 ♀, 21-VIII-2019, D. Gumhalter leg.

Distribution: According to SLAMKA (2013), the species is distributed in the Tropics and throughout the Mediterranean in dry habitats. It has been recorded as a migrant in England, Ireland, Belgium, Holland and southern Sweden. It also migrates sporadically to southern parts of Central Europe. Besides this, it is distributed in Africa, Turkey, Syria, Iran, India, Hong Kong, Costa Rica, Australia, Japan and South America (Colombia).

Remarks: The species was reported from Croatia several times in historical literature, but the newest record of this species originates from Krk (HABELER, 2003). The last record from Dalmatia is from the year 1942 (KLIMESCH, 1942) so these findings represent the first ones from this region after almost 70 years.

Udea fulvalis (Hübner, [1809])

Material examined: Mount Biokovo, Gornja Podgora, 270 m.a.s.l., 43º14’21.4”N 17º05’21.4”E, 1 ♂, 28-V-2016, D. Gumhalter leg., gen. prep. 35-2021 D. Gumhalter.

Distribution: According to SLAMKA (2013), it is distributed in Europe, except the North. It was mentioned as a scarce migrant to England and Wales. Also reported from Turkey, North Africa, Afghanistan, India, Sri Lanka, South Siberia and Primorye.

Remarks: The newest reports from Croatia are from island Krk (HABELER, 2003). The last time the species was reported from Dalmatia was in 1921 (SCHAWERDA, 1921). Therefore, this record represents the first one for that region after almost 100 years (Fig. 5).

Discussion

Many historical faunistic papers published on Croatian Lepidoptera throughout the last two centuries included Pyraloidea species (GALVAGNI, 1902; MANN, 1857, 1867, 1869; REBEL, 1891, 1895, 1903, 1904, 1917; SCHAWERDA, 1921, etc.). These publications were summarised by PLANT & JAKSIC (2018). However, the majority of historic publications relate to northern parts of the Croatian coast, Istria (e.g. MANN, 1857; REBEL, 1913, 1914; STAUDER, 1914; SCHAWERDA, 1920; PROHASKA, 1922; etc.) or to southern parts of the Croatian coast, Dalmatia (e.g. MANN, 1867; 1869; REBEL, 1891; GALVAGNI, 1902; REBEL, 1917, 1919; SCHAWERDA, 1921; KLIMESCH, 1942; etc.). Mountain ranges and continental areas seem to be poorly represented in the historic literature and little was published that included micromoths from such areas (e.g. MANN, 1867; REBEL, 1895; ABAFI-AIGNER et al., 1896, 1903; etc.).

However, compared to other Microlepidoptera families, the Pyraloidea belong to the better-known families in Croatia. Over the last two decades, many surveys were undertaken to contribute to the knowledge of the Croatian Pyraloidea fauna (KOREN et al., 2015; GUMHALTER et al., 2018; KOREN, 2018; KOREN & ZADRAVEC, 2018; GUMHALTER, 2020; GUMHALTER et al., 2020; GUMHALTER & KUČINIČ, 2021; GUMHALTER, 2021) and a first checklist was published in 2019a (GUMHALTER, 2019). Because of the continuous faunal additions, the list of species occurring in Croatia was updated twice (GUMHALTER, 2019b, 2021), suggesting that the Pyraloidea fauna of that country is far from sufficiently known. This applies even to the best-studied Mediterranean biogeographic region, since the last additions to the Croatian Pyraloidea fauna originate from the coastal parts of the country (e.g. KOREN & KULIJER, 2020; GUMHALTER, 2021; KOREN, 2021; etc.).

Although recently, a paper was published covering the Croatian Pyraloidea from Continental Croatia (GUMHALTER et al., 2020) and Mount Biokovo (GUMHALTER & KUČINIČ, 2021), the majority of recent literature continued to deal with the Croatian coast or covered only newly recorded species. Hence, it is no surprise that the distribution and conservation status of Pyraloidea in the Continental and Mountainous region is insufficiently known. The few recent investigations conducted in these two regions resulted in a lack of information on the occurrence of many species, even for widely distributed and very common species. Many have been reported only in old historical publications, which were sometimes even older than 100 years. As these species have not been reconfirmed throughout recent surveys, their current status in a specific region or their distribution in Croatia are unclear.

The majority of the reported species are regarded as being common, cosmopolitan, or widespread. Nonetheless, as there is a lack of recent sufficient investigation, these species have not been recorded in surveys conducted over the last few decades, sometimes even over a period of more than 70, 120 or 150 years. Consequently, their distribution in Croatia or some Croatian regions remained unclear.

CONTINENTAL BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGION

The most interesting records concern the findings of two species that were reported for the first time from that biogeographic region. As the species C. cassentiniellus and P. cerussella were recorded for the first time from Continental Croatia this new data widens our knowledge of the distribution of these species in that country.

The species E. politalis was recorded for the first time after more than 120 years from the Continental part of Croatia. C. pascuellus was reported for the first time in 100 years from Continental Croatia. Both species were not recorded for an extended period, so these reports contribute to the knowledge of the recent Pyraloidea fauna of this region.

MOUNTAINOUS BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGION

The species A. stachydalis was recorded for the first time from the Mountainous biogeographic region. This new data widens our knowledge of the distribution of this species in Croatia.

The species D. reticularis was recorded for the first time in more than 150 years from the Croatian mountains. For five species, these records represent the first ones from the Mountainous part of the country after more than 120 years: A. cinnamomella, S. argyrella, C. culmella, P. luteella and A. coronata. These recent findings reconfirm that the above-mentioned species are still present in the Mountainous biogeographic region of Croatia.

MEDITERRANEAN BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGION

The species A. legatea, D. reticularis and U. fulvalis were reported for the first time in 100 years from Dalmatia, which is located in the Mediterranean biogeographic region of Croatia. Another five species were recorded for the first time in 70 years from Dalmatia: A. cinnamomella, A. latistria, C. pascuellus, E. politalis and A. catalaunalis. Although the biogeographic region of Mediterranean Croatia is the best-studied region of the country, many old records were not reconfirmed so these findings contribute to the knowledge of Dalmatian pyraloid moth fauna.

Also interesting are the findings of some species, which have not been reported from Croatia in recent investigations.

The record of the species S. argyrella is the first one from Croatia in 120 years and the record of A. latistria, C. cassentiniellus and E. politalis are the first ones from Croatia in almost 70 years. Altogether eight species were reported the last time in 2003 (HABELER, 2003) and these findings represent the first ones in almost two decades: A. legatea, A. cinnamomella, C. culmella, C. pascuellus, P. luteella, P. cerusella, A. catalaunalis and U. fulvalis.

These findings reconfirm the occurrence of the above-mentioned species in the Croatian Pyraloidea fauna; for some of them were recorded for the last time at the end of the 19^th century or in the middle of the 20^th century and no recent information on their status in Croatia or that region was available.

One of the consequences of global warming is a change in climate and this is likely to generate changes in habitat structure with a consequential effect on insect biodiversity. Some species may disappear from a region or a whole country. With this in mind, it is important to create species inventories and to reconfirm historical records where possible. The present study updates the databank for some species in some neglected areas, although it is clear that further research is likely to be an ongoing requirement.

Acknowledgments

I am very grateful to Colin W. Plant for linguistic corrections and revision. His helpful comments improved the quality of the manuscript. I would also like to thank František Slamka for confirming the correct determination of the species A. legatea and A. cinnamomella.

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