Theresimima ampellophaga (Bayle-Barelle, 1808) rediscovered in the Republic of North Macedonia by using sex attractant traps (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)

Theresimima ampellophaga (Bayle-Barelle, 1808) was known from only three sites in North Macedonia and has never been considered as a pest of grapevine in this territory. The last time it was recorded in North Macedonia about 80 years ago. Traps baited with synthetic sex attractant EFETOV-2 (racemic mixture of (2 R )-butyl 2-dodecenoate and (2 S )-butyl 2-dodecenoate) were set at two localities near Ohrid Lake at Trebenishta village and between Ljubanishta village and Sveti Naum Monastery in 2016, in Vardar river valley near Demir Kapija in 2017 and near Dojran Lake in 2018. In North Macedonia sex attractants were used for the detection of this species for the first time. We recorded Th. ampellophaga in traps at all four monitored localities.

Grape and wine production in North Macedonia contributes to around 17-20% of the agricultural Gross Domestic Product and wine production in North Macedonia has large export trade relevance (ANONYMOUS, 2007).Vineyards are covering 5% of a total agricultural area in the country (ANONYMOUS, 2018).Areas of vineyards are reducing, from being 38759 ha in 1981 (VOJNOSKI et al., 2009), ca. 29000 in 1997(ANONYMOUS, 2008), 22665 ha in 2007(ANONYMOUS, 2008) to 23703 ha in 2017 (ANONYMOUS, 2018).There are three vine-growing regions in North Macedonia: Povardarie region with 83% of production, Pelagonia -Polog region covering 13% of production and Pchinja -Osogovo region covering 4% of production (ANONYMOUS, 2007).
All data considering Th. ampellophaga in North Macedonia are faunistic while observations of damages in vineyards caused by this species are unknown to us.It was reported from only three localities in North Macedonia: Drenovo (ALBERTI, 1922), Mt. Galichica (DRENOWSKY, 1930) and Ohrid (THURNER, 1938(THURNER, -1941)).
The aim of our investigation was to confirm the presence of Th. ampellophaga in already known areas in North Macedonia and to discover new ones as well as to determine its seasonal flight.

Material and methods
Sex attractant EFETOV-2 (racemic mixture of (2R)-butyl 2-dodecenoate and (2S)-butyl 2dodecenoate) produced in the Crimean Federal University (EFETOV et al., 2014b) was applied onto rubber caps which were attached to hard paper and placed inside the traps.Delta traps of transparent PVC foil and sticky layers were used.Two traps were set in each of the vineyard with a distance of 10-20 m.
The area is characterized by vineyards of various management, other agricultural fields, and abandoned fields.It is 5 km in the North from Ohrid Lake.
The area of ca.300 ha surrounded by Ohrid Lake and Mt.Galichica foothill consists of one small village, scattered vineyards of various management, other agricultural fields, and many meadows.
Demir Kapija, Chiflik village E, Gorna Ergela, 41º23'18" N, 22º12'44" E, 168 m (Fig. 3).Demir Kapija is situated in a well-known viticulture area of Tikvesh.It was difficult to find abandoned vineyard of size of at least 2 ha around Demir Kapija.Selected vineyard is almost 7 ha.The majority of the agricultural fields in the valley were moderately to well-managed vineyards with usage of pesticides.Valley is surrounded by hills covered mostly with pseudomaquis.Dojran Lake, Nov Dojran 6 km NW, Atica, 41º14'38" N, 22º38'07" E, 178 m (Fig. 4).Abandoned vineyard of 50 ha.Vines are growing upon horizontal network trellis.There are several vineyards of similar size and with various management as well as abandoned vineyards and vineyards of smaller sizes.

Results
Theresimima ampellophaga males were observed in traps at all four investigated sites: Trebenishta and between Ljubanishta village and Sveti Naum in 2016, in Demir Kapija in 2017 and near Nov Dojran in 2018.In the area of Ohrid Lake traps were checked once or twice just to record the presence of Th. ampellophaga.In Trebenishta traps were set on 9 June and removed on 8 August and checked only once on 9 July.Two and three moths were caught in both periods, respectively.On 9 July one specimen was found alive in the trap.In the vineyard between Ljubanishta village and Sveti Naum traps were set on 5 June and checked on 4 July when they were removed.Three moths were caught in the traps.In Demir Kapija traps were set in the field from 6 May to 25 August, and lures were replaced on 9 July.Altogether 45 moths were recorded in traps from 20 May until 9 July (Fig. 5).Near Nov Dojran traps were placed on 2 June and checked on 11 June, 8 July, 5 August and removed on 25 September.Only one male was found in a trap on 11 June.

Discussion
In North Macedonia sex attractants were used for the detection of this species for the first time.The last time Th.ampellophaga was recorded in North Macedonia about 80 years ago by THURNER (1938)(1939)(1940)(1941).We confirmed the occurrence of this species in the area of Ohrid Lake -Mt.Galichica and reported it from two new localities (Fig. 6).Demir Kapija is a new locality in central part of North Macedonia ca.27 km from Drenovo, the next nearest locality of Th. ampellophaga.Dojran Lake represents the first locality of Th. ampellophaga in south-eastern North Macedonia.
Theresimima ampellophaga was very rarely found at altitudes above 700 m.DRENOWSKY (1930) placed this species in a group of species that appear up to 1000 m.As Ohrid Lake surface is at 700 m this span appears to be 700-1000 m.We recorded exact altitudes in this area (710 and 715) which represent the highest altitudes on the Balkan Peninsula where Th. ampellophaga occurs.Besides localities at Ohrid Lake, the only locality where Th. ampellophaga occurs around 700 m on the Balkan Peninsula is Dragoman town area in Bulgaria at 700 m and 250 km inland (FREINA & WITT, 2001).It occurs at higher altitudes in France (DROUET & LAMBERT, 2010;RYMARCZYK & DROUET, 2006), Italy (BERTACCINI & FIUMI, 1999) and Turkey (CAN et al., 2010), but most of these localities are close to the sea.In Kahramanmarar province in Turkey Th. ampellophaga was found at several localities at 784-916 m and ca.100-130 km inland (CAN et al., 2010;Can, personal communication).However, these localities are on smaller latitude and situated in a Amuq -Islahiye -Marar depression which is opened to the sea.Another exceptional locality is Pond in Italian Alps (BERTACCINI & FIUMI, 1999) where Th. ampellophaga could have penetrated through Aosta river valley.Pond is situated at 900 m and it is ca.180 km inland.The distance of 105-110 km from the sea over the mountains, not connected to any valley opened to the sea, makes Ohrid area quite unique among the other Th.ampellophaga localities.The presence of Th. ampellophaga so high and so inland is driven by the limestone bedrock, western exposition and the vicinity of the big water body Ohrid Lake which mitigates the local climate.
In the area Ohrid-Galichica assumable flight period was in July, thought it is possible that specimens could have been caught in June as well, however one of the two specimens in traps was alive on 9 July in Trebenishta.Moreover, flight period could extend to August since our observation period was from 10 July to 8 August in Trebenishta.THURNER (1938)(1939)(1940)(1941) found this species in Ohrid in June.In Demir Kapija flight period began between 20 May and 10 June and lasted until the period 3 July -9 July.During the period of 10-17 June, no moths were caught in traps which can be explained by the very bad weather that time.ALBERTI (1922) reported Th. ampellophaga from the beginning of May in Drenovo.Although we do not have weekly data, we can conclude that flight period of Th. ampellophaga in the area Ohrid-Galichica started approximately one month later than in Demir Kapija probably because of the difference in elevation which is ca.550 m higher.Only one male in Dojran Lake area was certainly not expected considering wide area of vineyards especially those abandoned, good connectivity between vineyards, vicinity of other vineyard areas such as Valandovo and Bogdanci and suitable climate.
Theresimima ampellophaga does not represent a threat for vineyards in North Macedonia.However, abandoned vineyards in vicinity of managed ones can constitute potential reservoirs of various diseases and pests.On the other side, they may provide a refuge for wildlife in highly intensified agricultural areas.Eventually, succession will take place and they will change toward primary potential vegetation.BIBLIOGRAPHY ALBERTI, B., 1922.-