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New data on distribution and molecular genetics of Lignyoptera fumidaria (Hübner, [1825]) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Nuevos datos sobre la distribución y genética molecular de Lignyoptera fumidaria (Hübner, [1825]) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Introduction

The general data on the Lepidoptera of Katon-Karagai National Park not revised at this moment. Some information about moths, collected on the territory of the Park presented in the local reports and annals of the nature of the park. Also, late-autumn species complex was never studied here. At the middle of October 2020, a short series of L. fumidaria (Hübner, [1825]) was collected by the second author in two localities on the right coast of Bukhtarma river and these findings confirm the presence of this species in the Eastern Kazakhstan and expand its range by 180 km to the East. This species has previously been recorded in Kazakhstan by the single male near Serebryansk town also one male was reported from Russian Altai (VASILENKO, 2001). The main distribution of the species very local on the South of Europe and European part of Russia (SKOU & SIHVONEN, 2015; BELJAEV & MIRONOV, 2019).

Material and methods

Moths were collected by standard method using butterfly net at the daytime. The mounted specimens were photographed by the camera Canon EOS 5D Mark II with Canon 100 mm USM macro lens. The photos of the genitalia were performed using a Nikon SMZ1500 stereoscopic microscope, Nikon D700 camera fitted with LV-TV adapter and Helicon software (Helicon Remote 3.8.1; Helicon Focus 6.7.1).

For molecular genetic analysis the legs were used. The lysis reaction proceeded overnight. DNA extraction was carried out using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Germany), according to the manufacturer‘s protocol. DNA elution was performed with 150-l elution buffer. Amplification of a 658-bp long COI fragment was performed using the primers HCO2198 (5’TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3’; FOLMER et al., 1994) and LCO1490, (5’GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3’ FOLMER et al., 1994). The PCR profile used for this marker was as follows: 95ºC for 3 min, 95ºC for 30 sec, 50ºC for 45 sec, 72ºC for 1 min, (step 2-4 cycled 34 times), 72ºC for 10 min.

All specimens deposited in the collection of Zoological Institute RAS (ZISP, Saint Petersburg, Russia) and in private collection of Svyatoslav Knyazev (SKO, Omsk, Russia).

Lignyoptera fumidaria (Hübner, [1825]) (figs 2-6)

Geometra fumidaria Hübner, [1825] 1796. Samml. Eur. Schmett., Geometrae: pl. 101, figs 520, 521.

Type locality: Europe (syntype(s) lost).

Material examined: East Kazakhstan, Katon-Karagai district, 4,5 km. N of Sogornoye vill., right bank of Bukhtarma river (Fig. 1), 2 ♂♂, 15-X-2020, 49º15’09.7”N 85º21’22.0”E, h= 690 m a.s.l., A. U. Gabdulina (SKO); 1 ♂, 21-X-2020 in the same locality, A. U. Gabdullina (SKO); 3 ♂♂, 22-X-2020, East Kazakhstan, Katon-Karagai district, 8 km NE of Katon-Karagai, right bank of Bukhtarma river, 49º12’35.4”N 85º42’56.1”E, h= 840 m a.s.l., A. U. Gabdullina (SKO).

Fig. 1.–
Habitat of Lignyoptera fumidaria in Eastern Kazakhstan, Katon-Karagai district, 4,5 km. N of Sogornoye vill., right bank of Bukhtarma river, 15-X-2020 (photo by A. U. Gabdullina).

Additional material examined: Hungary, Budaörs, Huszonnégyökrös-hegy, 1 ♂, 16-XI-2006, O. Pekarsky & G. Petrányi (ZISP); Hungary, 1 ♂, coll. of Maksimov (ZISP); Russia, Taganrog, 1 ♂, 16-X-1874, coll. Alphéraky. (ZISP); Sarepta, 1 ♂, coll. Erschov. (ZISP); Spask, 1 ♂, coll. Eversmann (ZISP); Polad, Petrokovskaya Province [Poland, Łódz´ voivodeship], 1 ♂, Isaak. (ZISP); Crimea, Simferopol surroundings, Livenskiye Dubki, 3 ♂♂, 21-X-1906 (ZISP); Hungary [Uungarn], Svábhegy, 1 ♀, 12-XI-[1]924 (ZISP); Hungaria (ZISP); 1 ♂, Coll. Acad. Petrop. (ZISP); 1 ♂, coll. Bramson, ex mater. Mus. Acad. Petrop. (ZISP); Hungary [Hungarn], 1 ♂, coll. of Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich (ZISP); Budaörs, Csilihegyek Uhrik, 1 ♂, 10-XI-[1]929 (ZISP); 1 ♂, Hungaria, coll. Erschov (ZISP).

Bionomics: Late-autumn species. In European part of its distribution the adults occur from late September to mid-December (SKOU & SIHVONEN, 2015). In East Kazakhstan imago occur from the beginning to the middle of October. The males fly in a daytime on rocky steppe shores and rocky slopes of Bukhtarma river with predominance of steppe grasses, Rosa sp., Spiraea sp., Juniperus sp. The air temperature on the days when the species was found was +9+16ºC, wind speed near 4 m/s. Females are wingless and have not yet been found in East Kazakhstan.

Distribution: Lignyoptera fumidaria (Hübner, [1825]) distributed very locally in Europe (Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria), south of European part of Russia (from Crimea to South Ural), Altai Republic in Russia and Altai mountains in Eastern Kazakhstan.

Molecular data: Only two COI sequences of L. fumidaria from Hungary are available in the GenBank base. Both of these sequences are identical. Barcode sequences of the second species of the genus, L. thaumastaria Rebel, 1901, is not yet available. Analysis of barcodes revealed some intraspecific polymorphism in our specimens: (GenBank accessnumbers: MW737411; MW737412) three sites differ. It also was found a deep difference between European moths and specimens from Kazakhstan: the minimal genetic distance is 6% (see COI substitutions in Table 1). The degree of this divergence considerably exceeds the ‘standard’ 2.7-3.0% DNA barcoding threshold commonly used as a tentative indicator for species distinctness of the taxa compared (LAMBERT et al., 2005; LUKHTANOV et al., 2015). Nevertheless, no morphological differences were found (both in external morphology and genitalia structure - figs 2-8). Such divergence can be explained of the presence of mitochondrial haplotypes. Similar genetic patterns are known among Geometridae: in Alcis repandata (Linnaeus, 1758) (MÜLLER et al., 2019), Epirrita autumnata (Borkhausen, 1794) (KVIE et al., 2013), Biston panterinaria (Bremer & Grey, 1853) (CHENG et al., 2016).

Figs 2-8.– 2.
Lignyoptera fumidaria, adult, male, Hungary (ZISP). 3.Lignyoptera fumidaria, adult, male, Hungary (ZISP). 4.Lignyoptera fumidaria, adult, female, Hungary (ZISP). 5. Lignyoptera fumidaria, adult, male, Eastern Kazakhstan (SKO). 6.Lignyoptera fumidaria, adult, male, Eastern Kazakhstan (SKO). 7. Genitalia of Lignyoptera fumidaria, male, Eastern Kazakhstan. 8. Genitalia of Lignyoptera fumidaria, male, Hungary.

Table 1.–

COI 5’ substitutions in L. fumidaria collected in East Kazakhstan. Localities and ID (GenBank) of barcode are provided in parentheses.

Discussion

New records of Lignyoptera fumidaria in Katon-Karagai National Park expand the range of the species in Kazakhstan by 180 km to the East. Analyzing the general distribution of the species it can be assumed that it can also be found in the steppe regions of the South of Western Siberia and in the Kazakh uplands in vast territories between the Southern Urals and Altai mountains. The morphological identity and molecular data confirm the relationship of remote eastern population with European populations.

Acknowledgments

Authors thank Dr. Eugeny A. Beljaev (Vladivostok) for a productive discussion of the manuscript; Dr. Alexey Yu. Matov (Saint Petersburg) for his help in our work with collection of Zoological Institute RAS; Dr. Sergei V. Vasilenko (Novosibirsk) for his help in our work with collection of Siberian Zoological Museum of the Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals (Siberian Branch RAS).

The work of Ilya Makhov was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 19-34-90008, by Russian Science Foundation to the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences RAS, project number 19-14-00202 and was performed using the equipment of the “Chromas” Core Facility. Ilya Makhov is grateful to Elizaveta Gorodilova (Centre for Molecular and Cell Technologies of the Research Park of St. Petersburg State University, Russia) for sequencing of barcodes of L. fumidaria samples.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BELJAEV, E. A. & MIRONOV, V. G., 2019.– Geometridae.– In S. YU. SINEV (ed.). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Russia. Edition 2: 235-281. Zoological Institute RAS, St. Petersburg.

CHENG, R., JIANG, N., YANG, X., XUE, D., LIU, S. & HAN, H. 2016.– The influence of geological movements on the population differentiation of Biston panterinaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae).– Journal of Biogeography, 43: 691-702.

FOLMER, O., BLACK, M., HOEH, W., LUTZ, R. & VRIJENHOEK, R., 1994.– DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates.– Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3: 294-299.

KVIE, K. S., HOGNER, S., AARVIK, L., LIFJELD, J. T. & JOHNSEN, A., 2013.– Deep sympatric mtDNA divergence in the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata).– Ecology and Evolution, 3(1): 126-144.

LAMBERT, D. M., BAKER, A., HUYNEN, L., HADDRATH, O., HEBERT, P. D. N. & MILLAR, C. D., 2005.– Is a largescale DNAbased inventory of ancient life possible?- Journal of Heredity, 96(3): 279-284.

LUKHTANOV, V. A., DANTCHENKO, A. V., VISHNEVSKAYA, M. S. & SAIFITDINOVA, A. F., 2015.– Detecting cryptic species in sympatry and allopatry: analysis of hidden diversity in Polyommatus .Agrodiaetus) butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).– Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 116(2): 468-485.

MÜLLER, B., ERLACHER, S., HAUSMANN, A., RAJAEI, H., SIHVONEN, P. & SKOU, P., 2019.– Ennominae II.– In A. HAUSMANN, P. SIHVONEN, H. RAJAEI & P. SKOU (Eds). Geometrid Moths of Europe, 6: 906 pp. Brill, Leiden.

SKOU, P. & SIHVONEN, P., 2015.– Ennominae 1.– The Geometrid moths of Europe, 5: 657 pp. Brill, Leiden.

VASILENKO, S. V., 2001.– New and little-known geometrid moths (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) from Russian Altai.– ZoologicalJournal, 80(5): 538-544. (In Russian).

Notas de autor

*Autor para correspondencia / Corresponding author konungomsk@yandex.ru