Introduction

New data on the biology, morphology, karyology and DNA barcoding of Zygaenidae species, which have been obtained over the past 20 years, have significantly increased our knowledge on this family and stimulated numerous systematic changes in it (EFETOV, 1999; EFETOV et al., 2006, 2014a, 2014b, 2015a; EFETOV & SAVCHUK, 2009; EFETOV & TARMANN, 2014, 2016, 2017b; EFETOV & KNYAZEV, 2014; KNYAZEV et al., 2015a, 2015b). As a consequence, the Zygaenidae family now includes five subfamilies: Inouelinae Efetov & Tarmann, 2017; Procridinae Boisduval, 1828; Chalcosiinae Walker, 1865; Callizygaeninae Alberti, 1954; and Zygaeninae Latreille, 1809 (EFETOV et al., 2014b; EFETOV & TARMANN, 2017a). According to previous publications the Zygaenidae fauna of Kazakhstan is represented by two subfamilies: Procridinae (12 species) and Zygaeninae (13 species) (EFETOV, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2004; EFETOV & TARMANN, 1999; HOFMANN & TREMEWAN, 1996; MOLLET, 2008). New data presented in this paper on the distribution of zygaenids in Kazakhstan became possible due to the field experiments with attractant baits. It is well known that sex pheromones and sex attractants play an increasingly important role in faunal investigations of Lepidoptera, because they allow researchers to discover new species, detect populations of pest or rare species, monitor and control the seasonal flight of moths (SUBCHEV et al., 2012, 2013, 2016; RAZOV et al., 2017; CAN CENGIZ et al., 2018; CAN et al., 2019; EFETOV et al., 2010, 2011, 2015b, 2019; TARMANN et al., 2019; VRENOZI et al., 2019).

In this study, the fauna of Zygaenidae in Kazakhstan was investigated using the attractant EFETOV-2 (2-butyl 2-dodecenoate). Its property as a sex attractant for the males of some Procridinae species has been proved in our field experiments earlier (EFETOV et al., 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020; EFETOV & KUCHERENKO, 2020).

Materials and methods

Field observations were carried out in eastern and northern Kazakhstan in VI-VII-2018. To prepare the baits, the substance EVETOV-2 (2-butyl 2-dodecenoate) was used. This attractant was synthesised in the Crimean Federal University as described in EFETOV et al. (2014c). For this study, the sex attractant was applied onto grey rubber vial caps in dose of 200 mcl. The baits were prepared in 2014, wrapped singly in aluminium foil and stored in a freezer for the first year and then at room temperature until the date of the fieldwork. In study biotopes the lures were hung on bushes at a height 0.5-1.0 m above the ground. The attracted specimens were collected by netting them near the lure. All moths were determined by genitalia examination.

The map (Fig. 1) is compiled by the BioOffice software, Tiroler Landesmuseen, Ferdinandeum, Hall in Tirol, Austria.

Figures 1-4.–
1. Map of Kazakhstan with locality (red dot) of Jordanita subsolana: eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan District, 19 km S of Zaysan, Saur Mountains. Jordanita subsolana is also known from Altai Republic (Russia), Ongudayskiy Disrtrict (yellow dot) (EFETOV, 1990). 2. Habitat of Jordanita subsolana in Kazakhstan: eastern Kazakhstan, Zaysan District, 19 km S of Zaysan, Saur Mountains. 3. Male of Jordanita subsolana attracted to the lure EFETOV-2 on 1-2-VII-2018, 19 km S of Zaysan. 4. Its genitalia.

Results and discussion

Jordanita (Solaniterna) subsolana (Staudinger, 1862) is the type species of the subgenus Solaniterna Efetov, 2004. In 2018 this species was collected for the first time in Kazakhstan. This became possible due to an application of the sex attractant EFETOV-2. One male of this species was attracted to the bait with EFETOV-2 in Zaysan District, 19 km S of Zaysan, Saur Mountains, 47º17’50,07” N, 84º48’28,54” E, 1100 m, 1-2-VII-2018, S. Knyazev leg. (Figs 1-4). This species was recorded (EFETOV, 1990) from the Russian Altai (Fig. 1), but until now, there was no information about the presence of J. (S.) subsolana in eastern Kazakhstan based on original material. The known distribution of J. (S.) subsolana outside of Kazakhstan: Morocco (Rif), Spain, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy (including Sicily), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia (European part including Crimea, Northern Caucasus, southern Siberia), Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey (EFETOV, 2004; BioOffice database, Tiroler Landesmuseen, Ferdinandeum, Hall in Tirol, Austria). Moreover, as this species is now found on the border of Kazakhstan and China, most probably that J. (S.) subsolana is also present in China.

The list of the Zygaenidae fauna of Kazakhstan includes 26 species which are listed below.

Procridinae:

1. 1. Rhagades (Rhagades) pruni ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)

2. 2. Adscita (Procriterna) subtristis (Staudinger, 1887)

3. 3. Adscita (Procriterna) subdolosa (Staudinger, 1887) (EFETOV, 1995)

4. 4. Adscita (Adscita) statices (Linnaeus, 1758)

5. 5. Jordanita (Roccia) budensis (Speyer & Speyer, 1858)

6. 6. Jordanita (Roccia) paupera (Christoph, 1887)

7. 7. Jordanita (Roccia) volgensis (Möschler, 1862)

8. 8. Jordanita (Roccia) naufocki (Alberti, 1937)

9. 9. Jordanita (Roccia) almatiensis Mollet, 2008

10. 10. Jordanita (Tremewania) splendens (Staudinger, 1887)

11. 11. Jordanita (Jordanita) chloros (Hübner, 1813) (EFETOV, 1997)

12. 12. Jordanita (Solaniterna) subsolana (Staudinger, 1862)

13. 13. Jordanita (Solaniterna) solana (Staudinger, 1887) (EFETOV, 1995)

Zygaeninae:

1. 14. Zygaena (Mesembrynus) purpuralis (Brünnich, 1763)

2. 15. Zygaena (Mesembrynus) cynarae (Esper, 1789)

3. 16. Zygaena (Mesembrynus) centaureae Fischer von Waldheim, 1832

4. 17. Zygaena (Mesembrynus) laeta (Hübner, 1790)

5. 18. Zygaena (Agrumenia) truchmena Eversmann, 1854

6. 19. Zygaena (Agrumenia) sogdiana Erschoff, 1874

7. 20. Zygaena (Agrumenia) separata Staudinger, 1887

8. 21. Zygaena (Agrumenia) carniolica (Scopoli, 1763)

9. 22. Zygaena (Agrumenia) exulans (Hohenwarth, 1792)

10. 23. Zygaena (Agrumenia) viciae ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)

11. 24. Zygaena (Lictoria) loti ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)

12. 25. Zygaena (Zygaena) osterodensis Reiss, 1921

13. 26. Zygaena (Zygaena) lonicerae (Scheven, 1777)

The systematic position of two taxa, viz. Jordanita (Roccia) scintillosa Zolotuhin, 2020, and Jordanita (Roccia) smaragdonna Zolotuhin, 2020, both mentioned recently for Kazakhstan (ZOLOTUHIN, 2020), needs verification. J. scintillosa and J. smaragdonna have no genitalia differences from J. paupera. Moreover, the colour and shape of wings and colour and length of proboscis mentioned by Zolotuhin (2020) as important characters are variable even in J. paupera in Turkmenistan, from where the latter species had been described. In this publication we consider J. scintillosa and J. smaragdonna as the synonyms (syn. n.) of J. paupera. These two taxa of Zolotuhin will be discussed in a separate publication (EFETOV & TARMANN, in prep.).

It is known that (2R)-butyl 2-dodecenoate, named as EFETOV-S-2, is a very effective sex attractant for the detection of J. (S.) subsolana in different biotopes (EFETOV et al., 2020). However, males of this species also actively respond to the attractant EFETOV-2 (2-butyl 2-dodecenoate). Previously, this was shown in the Crimea (Russia) (EFETOV et al., 2016) and in the Thrace Region (European Turkey) (CAN CENGIZ et al., 2018). It is interesting that the baits with the attractant EFETOV-2 used in this study were prepared in 2014. This means that EFETOV-2 retains its attractive properties for several years. Of course, evaporation from rubber caps occurs, but the remaining dose is sufficient to attract and accordingly to detect J. (S.) subsolana in biotopes. We reported about a long duration of the activity of EFETOV-2 lures, but only during one season (three months) (VRENOZI et al., 2019). Now we have the proof for a much longer activity. This is convenient because we can use attractive baits for a long time without the need to change dispensers. Moreover, it is cost-effective.

In addition, one more species, viz. Adscita (Adscita) statices (Linnaeus, 1758), was attracted to EFETOV-2 lures in Kazakhstan by the second author in 2018. Totally 17 males of A. (A.) statices were caught: 1 ♂ - eastern Kazakhstan, Katon-Karagay District, Southern Altai Ridge, bank of Kara-Kaba River, 49º01’42.96” N, 86º01’04.44” E, 1653 m, 28-VI-2018; 11 ♂♂ - eastern Kazakhstan, Markakol District, 1.5 km N of village Urunkhaika, eastern bank of Markakol Lake, 48º48’24,83” N, 86º02’00,19” E, 1450 m, 29-VI-2018; 5 ♂♂ - northern Kazakhstan, North Kazakhstan Region, Taiynshinsky District, 6 km. SE of village Akkudyk, 53º37’58,64” N, 70º42’47,80” E, 145 m, 08-VII2018. This result was expected and confirmed our data obtained in Turkey (CAN CENGIZ et al., 2018). Besides this, A. (A.) statices males were also attracted to the sex attractant EFETOV-S-2 (mentioned above) in Russia (EFETOV & GORBUNOV, 2016) and Italy (EFETOV et al., 2020).

Conclusions

The males of two Procridinae species, viz. A. (A.) statices and J. (S.) subsolana, were attracted to the lures with the sex attractant EFETOV-2 in Kazakhstan. J. (S.) subsolana is reported for Kazakhstan for the first time.

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to Dr M. Y. Baevsky and Mr A. I. Poddubov (Simferopol, Russia) for help in preparing sex attractants. We also thank Prof. Dr G. M. Tarmann (Innsbruck, Austria) for the compilation of the map and fruitful discussions. The second author thanks Mrs Aliya M. Gabdullina (Katon-Karagai, Kazakhstan) and Mr Vadim V. Ivonin (Novosibirsk, Russia) for their help and good company during the expedition in Kazakhstan in 2018. The study of the second author was funded by RFBR, project number 20-34-90105.

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Notas de autor

Autor para la correspondencia / Corresponding authorefetov.konst@gmail.com