Introduction

Two new subspecies of Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816 from Angola, are described, belonging to two quite distinct species-groups: C. fulvescens (Aurivillius, 1891), of the “varanes-group” and C. jahlusa Trimen, 1862, the only known representative of the “jahlusa group”. The former, described from the Bengo, Kuanza Norte, Kwanza Sul and Uige provinces, is considered by several authors, e. g. TURLIN (2005a, b), to integrate the only species-group representative of a subgenus of its own, Charaxes (Stonehamia) Cowan, 1968; the latter, described from the Namibe province, is part of the nominate subgenus.

Recent taxonomical changes concerning the true independence of C. boueti Feisthamel, 1850 relatively to C. macclounii Butler, 1859, both now considered as bona species, led to the alteration of the taxonomic position of what was originally described as C. boueti carvalhoi Bivar-de-Sousa, 1983.

Additionally, the study of several specimens of C. saturnus Butler, 1875 from central Angola (Bié and Huambo provinces) and northern and eastern Angola (Kuanza Norte, Lunda Norte and Moxico), Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, revealed notable individual variation from the same collection localities. Furthermore, all the intermediate morphotypes, from the typical C. saturnus saturnus Butler, 1875 to the typical C. saturnus brunescens Poulton, 1926 were found to co-occur together. This allowed us to state definitely that these subspecies are synonyms as previously considered by some other authors.

Methodologies

The following abbreviations concerning morphological features, collections, countries and institutions, will be used along the text: AF: António Figueira private collection, to be deposited in the Museu de História Natural da Universidade do Porto (the Natural History Museum of the Oporto University); AR: Collected by A. Serrano; BS: Bivar de Sousa private collection - Angolan lepidopterans series in the MUHNAC; CAR: Central African Republic; DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo (= Congo Kinshasa, = Zaire, = Belgian Congo); CZ: Former Centro de Zoologia of the IICT; EAU: Mission of the Estudos Apícolas do Ultramar of the CZ; FW: Forewing; HW: Hindwing; IICT: Former Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, now integrated in the MUHNAC; LM: Collected by L. Mendes; MB: The former Museu Bocage, the old name of the zoological department of the then Museu Nacional de História Natural, in Lisbon, and that (almost) completely burned during a fire the 28^thMarch 1978; MM: Mário Macedo private collection, now in the MUHNAC; MUHNAC: Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, in Lisbon, previously integrating the MB; NA: Nozolino de Azevedo private collection; nn: no registration number; PC: Passos de Carvalho private collection, now deposited in the MUHNAC; PG: Pessoa Guerreiro private collection, offered to the IICT, now in the MUHNAC; R: recto or dorsum or dorsal wing surface; RC: Collected by R. Capela; V: ventral or under wing surface; WL: forewing length.

Most of the recently collected specimens were obtained by Ruben Capela and Artur Serrano mainly in Kuanza Sul province, not far from the Kuanza river source. Suspended traps baited with rotten fruit were used, though a few specimens were found within pitfall traps set out at the same localities. The remaining specimens were collected by sweep netting.

All type-specimens were previously deposited in the CZ and are now part of the MUHNAC. The original registration numbers of the studied specimens - or samples - were maintained; those beginning by BS, NA or PG are, or were, part of the personal entomological collections of, respectively, Bivar de Sousa, Nozolino de Azevedo and Pessoa Guerreiro and they all were collected by them.

WL of the studied specimens was always measured using an Etalon clipper along the wing outer margin, from the apex to the anterior insertion on the thorax; only exceptionally the WL doesn’t concern the left wing.

A list of the collecting localities is provided (Table 1). For each one, the recent administrative province it integrates, as well as approximate latitude, longitude and altitude above sea level are presented. Angolan localities and the administrative provinces they integrate were mostly presented by MENDES et al. (2013). When the name of a locality has changed or when it appears wrongly spelt in previous contributions or labels, the old or the incorrect name is remitted to the new or the correct one.

Table 1

Collecting localities of the studied samples: administrative provinces and coordinates, country by country, in alphabetical order. Old and incorrectly spelt names are remitted to the recent or correct denominations.

(*) Captures were carried out in three localities bordering, Calulo village-Cabeba, Monte Café and the road to Mussende - and all received the same coordinates.

Taxonomy

CHARAXINAE

Genus Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816

“varanes group”

Charaxes fulvescens rubenarturi Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes, ssp. n. (Figs. 1-6)

Material examined: Holotype: ANGOLA: Kwanza Sul: Mussende, XII-2015, AS + RC, 1 (BS- 34880). Paratypes: ANGOLA: Bengo: Quiminha, V-1973, 1 paratype (BS-12767). Kwanza Norte: Golungo Alto, ?/1962, MM, 1 paratype (MB-17421). Salazar, III-1973, 1 allotype AF- NYM11102, 2 paratype (AF-NYM11101, 11103). Kwanza Sul: Calulo, 1 paratype, XI-2015, AS + RC, (BS-34875), XII-2015, AS + RC, 2 (paratype (BS-34876-34877). Mussende, XII-2015, AS + RC, 2 paratypes (BS-34878, 34879). Uige: Inga, IX-1964, 1 paratype (BS-12765). Others specimens: Kwanza Norte: Salazar, IV-1972, 1 (BS-16630); ibid., II-1973, 1 (BS-16634). UIGE: Inga, IX-1964, 1 (BS-12766).

Description: WL: Male 43-46 mm; female 50 mm. The subspecies is characterized by the WL; the small well defined light-brown spots of the FWR submarginal and post-discal rows, clearly contrasted against the dark-brown ground-colour; the relatively small and not strongly contrasted blackish post-discal spots on the HWR; and the brown V - externally to the post-discal line - and olivaceous or olivaceous-brown - internally to this line (Figs. 1- 6).

Discussion: Charaxes fulvescens (Aurivillius, 1891) is part of the “varanes-group” 1968, characterized by the large serrations along the FW costa; several subspecies occur along Africa, yet the species has never been reported from Angola. C. fulvescens fulvescenswas described from Cameroon and is known to extend to CAR and Congo; currently, it is also accepted as the subspecies that flies in western Nigeria, east of the Dahomey Gap (BOERSMA & GERNAAT, 2009). C. fulvescens. senegala van Someren, 1975 (= C. fulvescens maesseni Plantrou, 1983) occurs in Sierra Leone, Ghana, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and Ivory Coast; it is not present in western Nigeria, as previously assumed, since it is possibly the Dahomey Gap and not the Niger delta that represents the ecological barrier between this and the nominate subspecies. C. fulvescens marialuisae Canu, 1989, is endemic to the Equatorial Guinean island of Bioko. C. fulvescens monitor Rothschild, 1900 ranges along East Africa west of the Rift Valley, in southern Sudan, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, eastern DRC and northern Zambia. C. fulvescens imenti Plantrou, 1989 in Henning, 1988 is exclusive to the Kenyan highlands east of the Rift Valley (Mt. Meru and Mt. Kenya).

The Bioko endemic is readily distinguishable due to its much larger size; HENNING (1989) reports a WL of: , 51-52 mm, , 54-56 mm and BOERSMA & GERNAAT (2009); report , 56 mm, , 55 mm. In addition, the R and, especially, the male FWR is much darker than in C. fulvescens rubenarturi ssp. n., and the light maculation is strongly reduced.

C. fulvescens imenti is the smallest among the known subspecies, though only slightly smaller than C. fulvescens rubenarturi ssp. n.; HENNING (1988) refers WL: , 41-43 mm, , ca. 48 mm and BOERSMA & GERNAAT (2009) studied 1 with 37 mm. It is also darker than the new subspecies, particularly in the apical area of the FWR; the light submarginal spots on the FWR in this Kenyan endemic are less conspicuous than the post-discal spots, while they are more or less equally developed in the new Angolan taxon.

C. fulvescens senegala differs from the new subspecies in the slightly concave FW outer margin, such that the apex is clearly more pointed; the outer margin of the FWR is darker and its light submarginal spots, particularly those of the apical area, are reduced. The light submarginal spots on the FWR in C. fulvescens maesseni Plantrou, 1983 are considerably smaller than the post-discal spots and the light basal area in the same wing is much broader, as in C. fulvescens senegala. This led LARSEN (1996) and BOERSMA & GERNAAT (2009) to consider both as synonymous entities.

C. fulvescens fulvescens is lighter than the new Angolan endemic, and its dark post-discal spots on the HWR are less marked and clearly less contrasted against the ground-colour of the marginal band.

The new subspecies is possibly closer to C. fulvescens monitor with a similar wingspan but with distinct and more contrasted small light spots on the FWR - mainly the post-discal ones. The light inner area of the HWR is also slightly broader, and the dark post-discal spots larger.

Ecology: C. fulvescens is a typical forest species. The caterpillars of other subspecies feed on Allophylum, Cardiospermum (Sapindaceae) and Rhus (Anacardiaceae).

Etymology: The new subspecies is dedicated to the collectors of the studied specimens obtained in the Kuanza Sul province: Ruben Capela and Artur Serrano.

“jasius group”

Charaxes saturnus saturnus Butler, 1865 (Figs. 7-18, Map 1)

(= C. pelias saturnus Butler, 1865 ab. brunnescens Rothschild, 1900)

(= C. pelias brunnescens Poulton, 1926)

(= C. jasius brunnescens van Someren, 1963)

Material examined (Map 1): ANGOLA: Bié: Mumbué, IV-2014, AS + RC, 1 (BS-32957), 1 (BS-32958). Satchijamba, XI-2014, AS + RC, 2 (BS-33313, 33316), 3 (BS-33306, 33314, 33315) + ibid., no date, AS + RC, 1 (BS-34890), 3 (BS-34888-34389, 36054). Huambo: Chianga, VI-1972, PC, 1 (BS-12777). Nova Lisboa, XI-1857, EAU, 1 (CZ-2952); ibid., II-1964, 1 (NA-nn); ibid., III-1964, 1 (NA-nn); ibid., IV-1964, 1 , 1 (NA-nn); ibid., VII-1964, 1 (NA-nn); ibid., XI-1964, 3 (NA-nn); ibid., III-1965, 1 (NA-nn); ibid., VIII-1965, 1 (NA-nn); ibid., I-1971, 1 (NA-nn). Kwanza Norte: Nova Oeiras, XII-1973, 1 (BS-12771). Lunda Norte: Veríssimo Sarmento, IX-1965, 1 (BS-12773). Moxico: Lumeje, IV-1965, 10 (BS-12774, 34100-34101, 34103-34104, 34106-34107, 34109-34111) 3 (BS-12776, 34105, 34108); ibid., V- 1965, 1 (BS-12775). Teixeira de Sousa, II-1965, 1 (BS-12772). Province: ?. No labels (no locality, no date), coll. J. J. Monteiro, 1 (*) - see text afterwards. MOZAMBIQUE: Gaza: Chicualacuala, VIII-1955, 3 (CZ-2753). Maputo: Maputo, VI-1974, 1 (BS-10398); ibid., II- 1993, 2 (PG-4376, 4377); ibid., V-1994, 1 (PG-4382); ibid. VII-1994, 1 (PG-4383); ibid., VIII-1994, 1 (PG-4384). Namaacha, III-1993, 1 (PG-4378). S. Martinho do Bilene, XI-1955, 1 (CZ-2473). Tete: Estima, IX-1973, 1 (CZ-3812). NAMIBIA: Kunene: Fingerklip (or Vingerklip), VIII-2001, LM, 1 (CZ-5110). SWAZILAND: Lubombo: Namaacha road, IX-1995, 1 (PG-4379). ZIMBABWE: North Matabeleland: Hwange, IV-1994, 2 (PG-4385- 4386). Victoria Falls, IV-1994, 3 (PG-4380, 4381, PG-nn).

Previus references for Angola: C. saturnus and C. brunnescens have been reported from Angola several times, but mostly without details. They have been treated either as valid species, or as valid subspecies, or as morphs: DRUCE (1875 as C. saturnus) reports “Angola” based on material collected by J. J. Monteiro. ROTHSCHILD & JORDAN (1898 as C. pelias saturnus ab. brunnescens), “N. Angola”. WEIMER (1903, as C. pelias var. saturnus Butl.), Vogelfontain. POULTON (1926) describes C. pelias brunnescens from “Angola”. JORDAN (1925 as C. Pelias brunnescens Roths.) refers Pungo Andongo. AURIVILLIUS (1928 as C. pelias saturnus ab. brunnescens Rothsch), “Angola sept.”. LADEIRO (1956 as C. saturnus Btlr.), Xa-Sengue and Saurimo. MONARD (1956 as C. pelias saturnus Bth.), Kasinga. BACELAR (1961 as C. Pelias saturnus Btlr., 1865) assigns 2 00 to the “Bié” with no precise location. Van SOMEREN (1963 as C. jasius brunnescens) assigns “N. Angola” and notes that in the south of the country there is a smaller and lighter form; he also states, that C. jasius saturnus occurs in north-western “Rhodesia” close to the Angolan border. FOX (1968 as C. pelias brunnescens) registers “N. Angola”. PLANTROU (1983 as C. saturnus saturnus Butler, 1865 - map) shows one unspecified locality - in the middle of what shall be the Uige province - and considers C. jasius brunnescens Poulton, 1926 as its synonym. Subsequently, HENNING (1988), ACKERY et al. (1995), KOÇAK & KEMAL (2007) and WILLIAMS (2008) state that it is C. jasius brunnescens that flies in “Angola” - again no geographical details – and GARDINER (2004) reports this same subspecies from the “Four corners area” (extreme Kwando-Cubango, once again, no details). TURLIN (2005a, b) maintains that it is C. saturnus brunnescens that flies in “Angola” and assigns C. saturnus saturnus to East Africa: Botswana and Katanga. Meanwhile, BACELAR (1948) misidentified one 0 of the present species as C. castor from “Angola” said to be collected by J. J. Monteiro, and at the time deposited in the MB; the correction of this misidentification, though never published, was done by BS before the 1978 fire that destroyed the MB and most of its entomological collection. This record is thus included in the material examined and marked with a *, as it was effectively studied before its disappearance.

Map 1
Distribution of the studied specimens of Charaxes saturnus saturnus Butler, 1865 (precise coordinates in Table 1).

AN: Angola; BO: Botswana; DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo; MO: Mozambique; NA: Namibia; SA: South Africa; SW: Swaziland; TA: Tanzania; ZA: Zambia; ZW: Zimbabwe.

Discussion: The problem of the independence and status of C. jasius, C. saturnus and C. brunnescens remains unsolved not only relatively to Angola but all along “these species” ranges. In relation to the neighbouring former Zaire, BERGER (1981) states that the existent species is C. jasius, that C. jasius saturnus has a large geographic range in the country - Mayumbe to Kasai and Haut-Katanga - and that brunnescens is no more than one of its morphs. ACKERY et al. (1995) recognize C. saturnus and C. jasius brunnescens as independent. The first is reported from South Africa (Natal, Transvaal), Malawi, Mozambique, “Rhodesia” (Zimbabwe), Zambia, south-western Zaire (DRC) and east of Tanzania and Kenya, while the second is reported from Angola, Congo, Gabon and western DRC; HENNING (1988) adds Botswana and north-eastern Namibia to the C. saturnus range, and CAR to that of C. jasius brunnescens. D’ABRERA (2004) doesn’t recognize the independence between saturnus and brunnescens, considering the latter to be a local and seasonal variation of C. saturnus. He adds southern DRC to the species range, but questions the presence of C. saturnus in Angola despite C. pelias brunescens Poulton having been described from there. The same interpretation can be made from statements by PLANTROU (1983), who reinforces that specimens of typical C. jasius saturnus and C. jasius brunnescens were collected in the very same traps in the Congo, and are therefore the same taxon. TURLIN (2005a, b) on the other hand, based on wingspan and wing colour, accepts saturnus and brunnescens as valid subspecies, pointing to the presence of the latter in West and Central-West Africa, Angola included. WILLIAMS (2008) reports C. jasius brunnescens Poulton, 1926 from northern Angola without details and considers C. pelias brunnescens Poulton, 1926 its synonym. He desn´t assing C. jasius saturnus to Angola, but considers it a valid subspecies.

With respect to the typical C. jasius brunnescens, Van SOMEREN (1963) assigns to WL: male, 45-47 mm, female, 48-55 mm, and 39-40 mm to a “small form, not quite so dark in colour … found in southern Angola” he characterizes as showing darker blue spots on the HW and a rather acuminate FW; he presents two black and white photos of these specimens (plate 6, figs. 31-32). However, in his note relative to C. jasius saturnus Butler from the “interior South Africa”, he describes WL: male, 40-44 mm and female, 46-50 mm, and highlights “…there is a tendency to darkening in specimens from north-west Northern Rhodesia, on the Angolan frontier (Pl. 6, figs. 31, 32).”, registering the very same two photos. TURLIN (2009) in his real-size photos, also displays smaller specimens of C. saturnus saturnus (WL: Rwanda male, 41.3 mm, Katanga male, 42.8 mm, Rwanda female, 48.1 mm) relatively to the larger specimens of C. saturnus brunnescens (WL: Gabon male, 46.6 mm, Congo female, 54.2 mm).

The WL measured on 26 Angolan specimens with undamaged FW, reveal that this cannot be used as a diagnostic feature due to its variability within one or neighbouring populations (17 31.2-43.3 mm, and 7 44.0-51.0 mm). The same happens with the remaining specimens studied in detail: Mozambique (16 , 38.4-47.6 mm, 7 , 45.9-50.0 mm), Namibia (1 , 42.3 mm), Swaziland (1 , 42.7 mm), Zimbabwe (2 , 39.6, 41.2 mm, 2 , 46.6, 47.9 mm).

With regard to the ground-colour and overall colouration, we were also not able to detect any diagnostic features. Indeed, despite C. brunnescens described as being darker and with an ochreous rather than orange-coloured median band, we found lighter and darker specimens collected in the same locality and at the same time. If examined one by one, these could be considered typical representatives of either C. saturnus or C. brunnescens.

Ecology: The species was collected from sea level to almost 1600 m in diverse biotopes, from dry savanna woodland to woodland and secondary forest. According to PLANTROU (1983), the caterpillars feed on Cassine, Catha, Maytenus (Celestraceae), Afzelia, Bahuinia, Brachystegia, Burkea, Colophospermum, Copaifera and Schotia (Fabaceae).

“jahlusa group”

Charaxes jahlusa angolensis Mendes & Bivar-de-Sousa, ssp. n. (Figs. 19-22)

Material examined: Holotype: ANGOLA: Namibe: Bruco, 8-IX-1974, 1 , PC (BS-12669).

Paratypes: Ibid., 28-VIII-1974, 1 , allotype, PC (BS-12670); 2 , same data, (PC-nn).

Description: WL: male 22-23 mm, female 28-29 mm. The new subspecies is characterized by the WL; the identical ochreous orange ground-colour in both sexes; the development of the black marks on the FW; the type and development of dots on the black submarginal band on the HWR; the arrangement of the silvery-white spots on the HWV; and the brightness of the silvery apical spots on the FWV.

Discussion: The “jahlusa group” is known to include only the present species. Relatively small and not strongly dimorphic, it has conspicuously falcate FW, mainly in the male, and the wings have a narrow black submarginal band. The FW also display a series of dark markings on both surfaces. The HW has two small tails and its R is almost plain; the V is marked with dark-brown to black, and silvery motifs.

When describing Charaxes jahlusa rex from South Africa, eastern Botswana and southern Zimbabwe, HENNING (1978) presented a map with the range of each of the C. jahlusa subspecies known that time: C. jahlusa argynnides Westwood, 1864 is reported from south-western Angola near the Cunene river valley, in two very close localities that are completely isolated - more than 1 500 km- from the main range he provided for the subspecies: central and eastern Zambia to Mozambique and Tanzania. Later (HENNING, 1988) re-describes C. jahlusa argynnides (Zambian specimens photographed), confirming its presence in South Africa (Natal), Mozambique, north-western Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi and southern Tanzania and states “… Specimens captured in southern Angola appear to come closest to this subspecies …”; he notes, further, that the Natal and southern Mozambique populations were previously considered to be a cline between the nominate subspecies and C. jahlusa argynnides (van SOMEREN, 1974) - 5 specimens, 1 and 4 00 from Montepuez, Cabo Delgado province (BS-13167-13171) were studied for comparison. ACKERY et al. (1995) in their Catalogue, note that C. jahlusa argynnides ranges along South Africa (Natal), Angola, former Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania, with no further details and certainly based on HENNING (1978). KOÇAK & KEMAL (2007, 2009) also assign C. jahlusa argynnides to Angola though based on the African Lepidoptera data-bank, without details, comments or studied specimens.

PLANTROU (1983) doesn’t consider C. jahlusa to be present in Angola (Map 71, p: 360 - no data are marked in the country) and once again, D’ABRERA (2004) doesn’t report the species from the country. Recently, TURLIN (2009) drops again the presence of the species in Angola; indeed, among the 9 subspecies he reports, the westernmost data concern the Shaba area of DRC for C. jahlusa argynnides. No sample is reported from Angola, not even from Moxico or for the south- easternmost extreme of the Kwando-Kubango (GARDINER, 2004), the only regions in the country with a Zambezian-related biome.

C. jahlusa angolensis Mendes & Bivar-de-Sousa, ssp. n. differs from C. jahlusaargynnides Westwood, 1864 which is the closest from a geographical point of view (Figs. 23-26 - for comparison), with somewhat differently shaped FW outer margin, as the former is smaller, more ochreous than orange, more heavily marked in the D while C. jahlusa argynnides is more contrasted in the V, and with the male FW tornal area more produced; the silvery subapical mark on the FWV is also better developed and the silvery spots on the HWV are distinct.

It is also much smaller than the deeper orange C. jahlusa rex Henning, 1978, especially in the male, and with poorly developed black markings on the FW; further, the blackish submarginal band in both sexes are much broader than those of C. j. angolensis ssp. n. and, consequently, the orange marginal line is narrower.

C. jahlusa kigomaensis Someren, 1974(75) from western Tanzania is larger, with a more extruded FW tornal lobe in the male and a different colour pattern: the black submarginal band on the R is continuous, darker and wider, while the black markings are smaller on the R and much more conspicuous on the V.

The same can be said to C. jahlusa mafiae Turlin & Lequeux, 1992, exclusive to the Tanzanian Mafia Island. Males are fulvous with black marginal areas, black FW apex and reduced blackish spotting. Females are very light, also with reduced black spotting and almost devoid of a black submarginal band.

C. jahlusa rwandensis Plantrou, 1976, from north-western Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi, is quite distinct from the remaining subspecies, including the new one. Male FW are more deeply falcate, the black spots on the R are larger and the colours more contrasted, while the V is greenish, not ochreous-orange.

C. jahlusa kenyensis Joicey & Talbot, 1925 from Kenya and Tanzania, is also much larger, and has, like C. jahlusa rwandensis, a greenish V.

In C. jahlusa pallene Someren, 1974, from Kenya, considered by HENNING (1988) to be a form of the previous subspecies, the orange colour of the male is darker, the female is lighter yellowish, and the V tint is quite distinct from that of the new subspecies.

C. jahlusa jahlusa Trimen, 1862, from South Africa (south-eastern and eastern Cape) is slightly larger, but exhibits a wider and more continuous blackish submarginal line on the HWR.

C. jahlusa ganalensis Carpenter, 1937 from Ethiopia, southern Sudan, northern Kenya and north-eastern Uganda, has a wingspan similar to that of C. jahlusa angolensis ssp. n. However, black maculation is heavier on the FWR, especially in the costal margin. The male is more orange while the female is lighter and yellowish. The post-discal silvery spots on the FWV are almost inexistent.

Ecology: The species as a whole is considered by TURLIN (2009) to be typical of woodland savanna, although KIELLAND (1990) stated that it may occur in different types of forest from the coast to 1500 m. C. jahlusa argynnides and C. jahlusa kigomaensis were reported from forest, dry evergreen forest and forest margins (KIELLAND op. cit.), C. jahlusa kenyensis (ACKERY et al., 1995; LARSEN, 1996) from the much drier Acaciaforest and Bracystegia woodlands, and C. jahlusa rex was described as common in the even drier bushveld where the males are often seen hilltopping on koppies (HENNING, 1978). All the specimens of C. jahlusa angolensis ssp. n. were obtained in the narrow strip of evergreen forest at the base of the Angolan Escarpment in the Namibe Province, quite close to the western border of the Huambo Province. When known, the caterpillars are polyphagous and were recorded on species of Pappea, Haplocoelum (Sapindaceae), Grewia (Tiliaceae), Acacia and Dalbergia (Papilionaceae).

Etymology: The new subspecies is named according to the country from where it is known.

“protoclea group”

Charaxes macclouni carvalhoi (Bivar-de-Sousa, 1983) comb. n.

(= Charaxes boueti carvalhoi Bivar-de-Sousa, 1983)

Material re-examined: Holotype: ANGOLA: Kwanza Norte: Dalatando (Salazar) 1 (BS-1918). Paratypes: ANGOLA: Kwanza Norte: Dalatando (Salazar), VI-1972, 1 allotype (BS-1919), 2 (AF-NYM11405-11406); ibid, III-1973, 2 paratype (BS-1920-1921), Non-type material: ANGOLA: Kwanza Norte: Dalatando 1 (AF-NYM11407); ibid, IV-1973, 2 , 1 (AF-NYM11408-11410). Kwanza Sul: Calulo, XII-2015, AS+RC, 1 (BS-36076).

Discussion: C. macclounii Butler, 1895 was described from Malawi (ACKERY et al., 1955) and later (AURIVILLIUS, 1898, Van SOMEREN, 1970 among others) considered a subspecies of C. boueti Feisthamel 1850 - C. boueti macclounii (Butler, 1895). In the meantime, BIVAR-DE-SOUSA (1983) described C. boueti carvalhoi which was compared with C. boueti macclouni as it was then considered as a C. boueti subspecies. However, recently it was rehabilitated as a bona species (PLANTROU, 1983; HENNING, 1988; ACKERY et al., 1995). The AF studied material was already identified by him as C. boueti boueti (unpublished data). Originally compared with C. boueti, then the only valid species of this pair, and considered one of its subspecies, the Kwanza Norte specimens fairly correspond, in fact, to the general characteristics of C. macclounii. This is particularly noticeable in the presence of the white or silvery ventral inner band, allowing the immediate diagnosis relatively to C. boueti, implying the new presented combination.

Ecology: The only AF female was kept alive for a while and laid 6 eggs, 5 of which hatched after 4 days. The caterpillars were fed bamboo leaves and all died when reaching ca. 10 mm (FIGUEIRA, pers. inf.). In fact, HENNING (1988) assigns Oxyenanthera abyssinica as the host-plant of C. macclounii, and TURLIN (2009) notes that the species occurs on bamboo. HENNING (op. cit.) emphasizes that the species occurs mainly in bamboo growths and on hillsides and savanna.

Acknowledgements

The present contribution results from the Project “Inventory of inshore and freshwater invertebrates and small vertebrates (Task ID 208)” funded by the Southern African Science Service Center for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management Integrated Science Plan, coordinated by the fourth co-author. SV was funded by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) through grant SFRH/BI/51643/2011.

We are deeply grateful to our colleagues and friends: Ruben Capela, former rector of Madeira University, Portugal, after being invited professor at the Agostinho Neto University in Luanda, Angola, now retired in Lisbon; and Artur Serrano, professor at Lisbon University and researcher of the CE3C, the Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes of Lisbon University. They collected the specimens whose study is the aim of this contribution.

We further remember Eng. J. Passos de Carvalho who long ago offered the two C. jahlusa type- specimens, previously part of the BS collection and now deposited in the MUHNAC; and we deeply thank his widow, Drª Maria Umbelina Passos de Carvalho for offering the remaining material from the PC collection to this same institution. We remember the late Eng. Nozolino de Azevedo and thank his widow Mrs. Graça Azevedo and daughter, Drª Isabel Azevedo, for the opportunity to study the materials from his private collection. We thank, further, the colleague Luis Catarino for the loan of the camera Canon EO5 and of its accessories, belonging to the former area of Botany of the IICT, used to take the presented pictures.

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Appendix

Figs. 1-6

1. Charaxes fulvescens rubenarturi Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes, ssp. n. holotype, R; 2. Ibid, V; 3. Charaxes fulvescens rubenarturi Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes, ssp. n. allotype, R; 4. Ibid, V; 5. Charaxes fulvescens rubenarturi Bivar-de-Sousa & Mendes, ssp. n. paratype (PC-nn), R; 6. Ibid, V.

Figs. 7-12

R of Charaxes saturnus saturnus Butler, 1865 from: 7. Nova Oeiras (BS-12771); 8. Satchijamba (BS-33313); 9. Huambo (CZ-2952); 10. Veríssimo Sarmento (BS-12773); 11. Lumeje (BS-12779); 12. Teixeira de Sousa (BS-12772).

Figs. 13-18

13. Fingerklip (CZ-5110); 14. Victoria Falls (PG-4380); 15. Namaacha Road (PG-4379); 16. Maputo (PG-4376); 17. Chicualacula (CZ-2753); 18. Estima (CZ-3812).

Figs. 19-24

19. Charaxes jahlusa angolensis Mendes & Bivar-de-Sousa, ssp. n. holotype, D; 20. Ibid, V; 21. Charaxes jahlusa angolensis Mendes & Bivar-de-Sousa, ssp. n. allotype, D; 22. Ibid, V. 23. Charaxes jahlusa argynides Westwood, 1864, , D, from Montepuez (BS-13167); 24. Ibid, V.

Figs. 25-26

25. Charaxes jahlusa argynides Westwood, 1864, , D, Montepuez (BS-13169); 26. Ibid, V.

Author notes